PVGIS 5.3 MANALA HOOLAHA

PVGIS 5.3 MANALA HOOLAHA

1. Hoʻolauna

Hōʻike kēia ʻaoʻao pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka PVGIS 5.3 pūnaewele puni honua e hana i nā helu o lā
hana ikehu a me ka photovoltaic (PV). E ho'āʻo mākou e hōʻike pehea e hoʻohana ai
PVGIS 5.3 ma ka hana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka ʻano hana hoʻohana ʻia e hana i na helu
a i ʻole ma kahi pōkole "e hoomaka ana" alakai .

Hōʻike kēia manual PVGIS mana 5.3

1.1 He aha PVGIS

PVGIS 5.3 he palapala noi pūnaewele e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻohana ke kiʻi i ka ʻikepili ma ka pāhawewe lā a
photovoltaic (PV) ʻōnaehana ikehu hana, ma nā wahi a pau o ka hapa nui o ka honua. ʻo ia
kūʻokoʻa loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana, me ka ʻole o ke kaohi ʻana i ka hopena i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, a me ka ʻole
pono ke kakau inoa.

PVGIS 5.3 hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā helu like ʻole. E hana kēia manual wehewehe
kēlā me kēia o lākou. E hoʻohana PVGIS 5.3 pono ʻoe e hele a he mau kapuai maalahi. Ka nui o ka
Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia manual ma nā kikokikona Kōkua o PVGIS 5.3.

1.2 Hoʻokomo a puka i loko PVGIS 5.3

ʻO ka PVGIS hōʻike ʻia ka mea hoʻohana ma lalo nei.

graphique
 
graphique

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana ma PVGIS 5.3 e koi i kekahi hoʻokomo mai ka mea hoʻohana - kēia mālama ʻia e like me nā palapala pūnaewele maʻamau, kahi e kaomi ai ka mea hoʻohana i nā koho a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i ka ʻike, e like me ka nui o kahi ʻōnaehana PV.

Ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻikepili no ka helu ʻana, pono ka mea hoʻohana e koho i kahi wahi kikoʻī no
ka mea e helu ai.

Hana ʻia kēia e:

 

Ma ke kaomi ʻana i ka palapala ʻāina, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koho zoom.

 

 

Ma ke komo ʻana i kahi helu wahi ma ka "helu wahi" kahua ma lalo o ka palapala ʻāina.

 

 

Ma ke komo ʻana i ka latitu a me ka longitude ma nā kahua ma lalo o ka palapala ʻāina.
Hiki ke hookomo i ka latitu a me ka longitude ma ke ano DD:MM:SSA kahi o DD na degere,
MM ka arc-minute, SS na arc-sekona a me A ka hemisphere (N, S, E, W).
Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka latitu a me ka longitude ma ke ʻano he helu decimal, no laila he 45°15'N pono
e hookomo e like me 45.25. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā latitu hema o ka equator ma ke ʻano he waiwai ʻino, ʻo ka ʻākau
maikaʻi.
Nā lonitu ma ke komohana o ka 0° Pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka meridian ma ke ʻano he mau waiwai maikaʻi ʻole, nā waiwai hikina
maikaʻi.

 

PVGIS 5.3 hiki i ka mea hoʻohana e kiʻi i nā hopena ma nā ʻano like ʻole ala:

 

E like me ka helu a me nā kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele.

 

 

Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā kiʻi āpau i faila.

 

 

E like me ka ʻike ma ke kikokikona (CSV).
Hōʻike kaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hoʻopuka ma ka "Mea hana" pauku.

 

 

Ma ke ʻano he palapala PDF, loaʻa ma hope o ke kaomi ʻana o ka mea hoʻohana e hōʻike i nā hopena i ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele.

 

 

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka non-interactive PVGIS 5.3 nā lawelawe pūnaewele (nā lawelawe API).
Hōʻike hou ʻia kēia mau mea ma ka "Mea hana" pauku.

 

 

2. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻike horizon

Information horizon

Ka helu ʻana o ka pāhawewe lā a/a i ʻole ka hana PV ma PVGIS 5.3 hiki ke hoʻohana i ka ʻike e pili ana
ka ʻaoʻao kūloko e koho i nā hopena o nā aka mai nā puʻu kokoke a i ʻole mauna.
He nui nā koho o ka mea hoʻohana no kēia koho, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻākau o ka palapala 'āina ma ka
PVGIS 5.3 mea paahana.

He ʻekolu mau koho a ka mea hoʻohana no ka ʻike horizon:

1.

Mai hoʻohana i ka ʻike horizon no ka helu ʻana.
ʻO kēia ke koho i ka wā e hoʻohana ai wehe i ke koho ʻelua i ka "helu ʻia ʻana" a me ka
"hoʻouka i ka waihona horizon" nā koho.

2.

E hoʻohana i ka PVGIS 5.3 ʻike horizon i kūkulu ʻia.
No ke koho ʻana i kēia, koho "Heluhelu ʻia" i ka PVGIS 5.3 mea paahana.
ʻO kēia ka paʻamau koho.

3.

Hoʻouka i kāu ʻike ponoʻī e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lewa.
ʻO ka faila horizon e hoʻouka ʻia i kā mākou pūnaewele
he waihona kikokikona maʻalahi, e like me ka hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻoponopono kikokikona (e like me Notepad no
Windows), a i ʻole ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku i ka pāpalapala ma ke ʻano he waiwai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā koma (.csv).
Pono e loaʻa i ka inoa faila nā mea hoʻonui '.txt' a i ʻole '.csv'.
I loko o ka faila pono e loaʻa hoʻokahi helu no kēlā me kēia laina, me kēlā me kēia helu e hōʻike ana i ka horizon
kiʻekiʻe ma nā degere ma kekahi ʻaoʻao panana a puni ka wahi hoihoi.
Pono e hāʻawi ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe horizon ma ka faila ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau e hoʻomaka ana ma Ke akau;
ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka ʻĀkau, e hele ana i ka Hikina, i ka Hema, i ke komohana, a i ka hoʻi ʻana i ka ʻĀkau.
Manaʻo ʻia nā koina e hōʻike ana i ka lōʻihi angular like a puni ka lewa.
No ka laʻana, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā waiwai 36 i ka faila,PVGIS 5.3 manao ia ka pono ka helu mua
akau, o ka hope he 10 degere ma ka hikina o ka akau, a pela aku, a hiki i ka lae hope. 10 degere komohana
o ka akau.
Hiki ke loaʻa kahi faila laʻana maanei. Ma keia hihia, he 12 wale no helu ma ka waihona,
pili i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lewa no kēlā me kēia 30 degere a puni ka lewa.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā PVGIS 5.3 mea paahana (koe nae ka papa manawa hoolele o ka hora). hōʻike a pakuhi o ka
horizon me nā hopena o ka helu ʻana. Hōʻike ʻia ka pakuhi ma ke ʻano he polar hoʻolālā me ka
ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻai. Hōʻike ka kiʻi aʻe i kahi laʻana o ka horizon plot. He maka iʻa
Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi o ka wahi like no ka hoʻohālikelike.

3. Ke koho ʻana i ka pāhawewe lā waihona waihona

Loaʻa nā ʻikepili pāhawewe lā (DBs) ma PVGIS 5.3 he:

 
Tableau
 

Hāʻawi nā ʻikepili a pau i nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike o ka lā.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻIkepili manaʻo mana o ka lā hoʻohana ʻia e PVGIS 5.3 ua helu ʻia mai nā kiʻi ukali. Aia kekahi helu o nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hana ai i kēia, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā satelite.

ʻO nā koho i loaʻa ma PVGIS 5.3 ma i kēia manawa:

 

PVGIS-SARAH2 Ua loaʻa kēia pūʻulu ʻikepili helu ʻia e CM SAF i pani ia SARAH-1.
Hoʻopili kēia ʻikepili iā ʻEulopa, ʻApelika, ka hapa nui o Asia, a me nā ʻāpana o ʻAmelika Hema.

 

 

PVGIS-NSRDB Ua loaʻa kēia pūʻulu ʻikepili hāʻawi ʻia e ka National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) a he ʻāpana o ka Ka Lā Lahui Hoʻoulaula waihona waihona.

 

 

PVGIS-SARA ʻO kēia pūʻulu ʻikepili helu ʻia na CM SAF a me ka PVGIS hui.
Loaʻa i kēia ʻikepili kahi uhi like me PVGIS-SARAH2.

 

ʻAʻole uhi ʻia kekahi mau wahi e ka ʻikepili satellite, ʻo ia ka hihia no ka latitude kiʻekiʻe
mau wahi. No laila, ua hoʻokomo mākou i kahi ʻikepili hoʻoheheʻe solar hou no ʻEulopa, kahi
aia nā latitu ʻākau:

 

PVGIS-ERA5 He loiloi hou kēia huahana mai ECMWF.
ʻO ka uhi ʻana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka hoʻonā manawa hola a me kahi hoʻonā spatial o 0.28°lat/lon.

 

ʻIke hou aku e pili ana ka ʻikepili hoʻoheheʻe lā ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana ʻo ia loaʻa.
No kēlā me kēia koho helu ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao pūnaewele, PVGIS 5.3 e hoike mai i ka mea hoʻohana me kahi koho o nā waihona e uhi ana i kahi i koho ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana. Hōʻike ka kiʻi ma lalo nei i nā wahi i uhi ʻia e kēlā me kēia ʻikepili hoʻoheheʻe lā.

 
graphique

Ma muli o nā haʻawina hōʻoia like ʻole i hana ʻia ʻO nā ʻikepili i manaʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia wahi penei:

graphique
 

ʻO kēia mau ʻikepili nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e ka paʻamau ke hāʻawi ʻole ʻia ka ʻāpana raddatabase
i na mea paahana pili ole. ʻO ia hoʻi nā ʻikepili i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hāmeʻa TMY.

4. Ka helu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana PV pili i ka mākia hoʻokō

Pūnaehana Photovoltaic hoohuli i ka ikehu o ka lā i ka ikehu uila. ʻOiai ua hoʻopuka nā modula PV i ka uila pololei (DC), Hoʻohui pinepine nā modules i kahi Inverter e hoʻohuli i ka uila DC i AC, ka mea a laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole e hoʻouna ʻia i ka pā uila. ʻO kēia ʻano Pūnaehana PV kapa ʻia ʻo PV pili i ka grid. ʻO ka ʻO ka helu ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ikehu ke manaʻo nei e hiki i nā ikehu āpau i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻāina hoʻouna ʻia i ka pā.

4.1 Nā hoʻokomo no ka helu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana PV

PVGIS pono i kekahi ʻike mai ka mea hoʻohana e hana i ka helu ʻana i ka ikehu PV hana ʻana. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻokomo ma lalo nei:

ʻenehana PV

ʻO ka hana o nā modula PV e pili ana i ka mahana a me ka ʻālamalama lā, aka, o ka
ʻokoʻa ka hilinaʻi pololei ma waena o nā ʻano modula PV like ʻole. I kēia manawa hiki iā mākou
koho i na poho ma muli o ka hopena wela a me ka irradiance no kēia mau ʻano
modules: crystalline silika nā pūnaewele; nā modula kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi i hana ʻia mai CIS a i ʻole CIGS a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi
nā modules i hana ʻia mai Cadmium Telluride (CdTe).

No nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻenehana amorphous), ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia hoʻoponopono
helu ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Inā koho ʻoe i kekahi o nā koho mua ʻekolu ma ʻaneʻi ka helu ʻana o hoʻokō
e noʻonoʻo i ka hilinaʻi wela o ka hana o ka mea i koho ʻia
ʻenehana. Inā koho ʻoe i kahi koho ʻē aʻe ('ē aʻe / ʻike ʻole ʻia), e manaʻo ka helu ʻana i kahi poho o
8% o ka mana ma muli o nā hopena wela (kahi waiwai maʻamau i ʻike ʻia he kūpono no
nā ʻano anuanu).

Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka mana PV i ka spectrum o ka radiation solar. PVGIS 5.3 hiki helu
pehea e pili ai nā ʻokoʻa o ka spectrum o ka lā i ka hana ikehu holoʻokoʻa mai kahi PV
ʻōnaehana. I kēia manawa hiki ke hana ʻia kēia helu ʻana no ka silikona crystalline a me CdTe modules.
E hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia helu ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka radiation solar NSRDB waihona waihona.

 
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka piko mana

ʻO kēia ka mana i haʻi ʻia e ka mea hana e hiki ke hana i ka array PV ma lalo o ke kūlana
nā kūlana hoʻāʻo (STC), he 1000W mau o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka lā i kēlā me kēia mika square i ka
plane of the array, ma kahi mahana o 25°C. Pono e hoʻokomo i ka mana kiʻekiʻe
kilowatt-peak (kWp). Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻike i ka mana kiʻekiʻe i haʻi ʻia o kāu mau modules akā
ike ka wahi o nā modules a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i haʻi ʻia (i ka pakeneka), hiki iā ʻoe
helu the peak power as power = area * efficiency / 100. E ʻike i ka wehewehe hou aku ma ka FAQ.

Nā modules bifacial: PVGIS 5.3 ʻaʻole't hana i nā helu kiko'ī no ka bifacial modules i kēia manawa.
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke makemake e ʻimi i nā pono kūpono o kēia ʻenehana hookomo ka waiwai mana no
Papa inoa Bifacial Irradiance. Hiki no hoi ke manaoia mai keia ka piko aoao mua
mana P_STC waiwai a me ka bifaciality kumu, φ (inā hōʻike ʻia ma ka pepa ʻikepili module) e like me: P_BNPI
= P_STC * (1 + φ * 0.135). NB ʻaʻole kēia ala bifacial kūpono no ka BAPV a i ʻole BIPV
nā mea hoʻonoho a i ʻole no nā modula e kau ana ma kahi axis NS ie e kū pono ana EW.

 
Nalo pūnaewele

ʻO nā poho pūnaewele i manaʻoʻia,ʻo ia nā poho a pau i loko o ka pūnaewele,ʻo ia ke kumu o ka mana maoli
hāʻawi ʻia i ka pā uila e haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mana i hana ʻia e nā modula PV. Ma laila
he mau kumu no keia poho, e like me na poho o na uwea, mea hoohuli mana, lepo (i kekahi manawa
hau) ma nā modula a pēlā aku. I loko o nā makahiki e nalowale ana nā modula i kā lākou
mana, no laila, ʻo ka awelika o ka hoʻopuka makahiki i ke ola ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa
ma mua o ka puka ʻana i nā makahiki mua.

Ua hāʻawi mākou i ka waiwai paʻamau o 14% no nā poho holoʻokoʻa. Inā he manaʻo maikaʻi kāu
ʻokoʻa ka waiwai (ma muli paha o kahi inverter kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe) hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻemi i kēia waiwai
liʻiliʻi.

 
Ke kau ʻana kūlana

No nā ʻōnaehana paʻa (non-tracking), ʻo ke ʻano o ke kau ʻana o nā modula e loaʻa i ka hopena
ka mahana o ka module, e pili ana i ka pono. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua
inā ua kaupalena ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea ma hope o nā modules, hiki i nā modules ke loaʻa nui
ʻoi aku ka wela (a hiki i ka 15°C ma 1000W/m2 o ka lā).

In PVGIS 5.3 ʻelua mau mea hiki: kū kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā modules kau ʻia
ma ka pahu me ka ea e kahe wale ana ma hope o nā modula; a me ka hale- i hoohuiia, ka mea ʻo ia hoʻi
ua kūkulu piha ʻia nā modules i ke ʻano o ka pā a i ʻole ka hale o a hale, me ka ea ole
ka neʻe ʻana ma hope o nā modula.

Aia kekahi mau ʻano o ke kau ʻana ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻelua, no ka laʻana inā he mau modules
kau ʻia ma luna o ka hale me nā ʻili o ke kaupaku, e ʻae ana i ka ea e neʻe ma hope nā modules. Ma ia mea
na hihia, ka ʻO ka hana ma kahi o nā hopena o nā helu ʻelua
hiki maanei.

ʻO kēia ke kihi o nā modula PV mai ka mokulele ākea, no kahi paʻa (non-tracking)
kau ana.

No kekahi mau noi e ʻike mua ʻia nā kihi slope a me azimuth, no ka laʻana inā ʻo ka PV
e kūkulu ʻia nā modula i loko o ka hale e kū nei. Eia naʻe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka hiki ke koho ka
slope a / a i ʻole azimuth, PVGIS 5.3 hiki no hoi ke helu ia oe i ka pono waiwai no ka pali a
azimuth (manaʻo i nā kihi paʻa no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa).

Ka pali o PV
modules
Graphique
 
ʻAzimuth
(kūlana) o PV
modules

ʻO ka azimuth, a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻo ia ke kihi o nā modula PV e pili ana i ke kuhikuhi e pili ana i ka Hema. -
90° he Hikina, 0° Hema a me 90° he Komohana.

No kekahi mau noi e ʻike mua ʻia nā kihi slope a me azimuth, no ka laʻana inā ʻo ka PV
e kūkulu ʻia nā modula i loko o ka hale e kū nei. Eia naʻe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka hiki ke koho ka
slope a / a i ʻole azimuth, PVGIS 5.3 hiki no hoi ke helu ia oe i ka pono waiwai no ka pali a
azimuth (manaʻo i nā kihi paʻa no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa).

Graphique
 
Hoʻonui
pali (a
paha azimuth)

Inā kaomi ʻoe e koho i kēia koho, PVGIS 5.3 e helu i ka pali o ka PV nā modules e hāʻawi ana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. PVGIS 5.3 hiki no hoi E helu i ka azimuth maikaʻi loa inā makemake ʻia. Manaʻo kēia mau koho i nā kihi slope a me azimuth noho paa no ka makahiki holookoa.

No nā ʻōnaehana PV paʻa i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pā PVGIS 5.3 hiki ke helu i ke koina o ka uila i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana PV. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka helu ʻana ma luna o a "Hoʻonui ʻia Ke kumukuai o ka ikehu" ʻano, e like me ke ʻano o ka helu ʻana i kahi moraki paʻa. Pono ʻoe e hoʻokomo i kekahi mau ʻike no ka helu ʻana:

 
uila PV
koina helu ʻana

ʻO ka huina kālā o ke kūʻai ʻana a me ke kau ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana PV, i kāu kālā. Inā ʻoe i komo i ka 5kWp e like me
ka nui o ka ʻōnaehana, pono ke kumukūʻai no kahi ʻōnaehana o ia nui.

ʻO ka uku paneʻe, i ka % o ka makahiki, ua manaʻo ʻia e paʻa kēia i ke ola o ka
Pūnaehana PV.

 

ʻO ke ola i manaʻo ʻia o ka ʻōnaehana PV, i nā makahiki.

 

Manaʻo ka helu ʻana e loaʻa kahi kumukūʻai paʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka mālama ʻana i ka PV
ʻōnaehana (e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana i wāwahi ʻia), e like me 3% o ke kumu kūʻai kumu
o ka ʻōnaehana.

 

4.2 Heluhelu huahelu no ka PV pili-pili helu ʻōnaehana

Loaʻa nā hua o ka helu ʻana i nā waiwai awelika makahiki o ka hana ikehu a
i ka mokulele irradiation lā, a me nā pakuhi o nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia mahina.

Ma waho aʻe o ka awelika PV puka makahiki a me ka awelika irradiation, PVGIS 5.3 hōʻike pū
ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka makahiki i ka makahiki i ka puka PV, e like me ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau o ka pau ka waiwai o ka makahiki
ka manawa me ka ʻikepili hoʻoheheʻe lā i loko o ka waihona hoʻoheheʻe lā i koho ʻia. Loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi
ka nānā ʻana i nā poho like ʻole o ka puka PV ma muli o nā hopena like ʻole.

Ke hana ʻoe i ka helu ʻana ʻo ka pakuhi ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka puka PV. Inā ʻoe e ʻae i ka kuhikuhi ʻiole
e kau ma luna o ka pakuhi hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā koina o kēlā me kēia mahina ma ke ʻano he helu. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i waena o ka
kiʻi e kaomi ana i nā pihi:

Loaʻa i nā kiʻi kahi pihi hoʻoiho ma ke kihi ʻākau i luna. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoiho i kahi PDF
palapala me nā ʻike a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka puka helu helu.

Graphique

5. Ka helu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana PV mālama lā hoʻokō

5.1 Nā hoʻokomo no ka helu ʻana i ka PV

ʻO ka lua "pā" o PVGIS 5.3 hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke helu i ka hana ikehu mai
nā ʻano ʻano ʻōnaehana PV mālama lā. Loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana PV mālama lā nā modula PV
kau ʻia ma luna o nā kākoʻo e hoʻoneʻe i nā modules i ka lā i kū ai nā modules i loko ke kuhikuhi
o ka la.
Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻōnaehana e pili ana i ka grid, no laila kūʻokoʻa ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu PV
hoʻohana ikehu kūloko.

 
 

6. Ke helu ʻana i ka hana ʻōnaehana PV waho-grid

6.1 Nā mea hoʻokomo no ka helu ʻana i ka PV off-grid

PVGIS 5.3 pono i kekahi ʻike mai ka mea hoʻohana e hana i ka helu ʻana i ka ikehu PV hana ʻana.

Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻokomo ma lalo nei:

Hoʻokomo ʻia
piko mana

ʻO kēia ka mana i haʻi ʻia e ka mea hana e hiki ke hana i ka array PV ma lalo o ke kūlana
nā kūlana hoʻāʻo, ʻo ia ka 1000W mau o ka irradiation lā i kēlā me kēia mika square ma ka mokulele o
ka array, ma kahi mahana o 25°C. Pono e hoʻokomo i ka mana kiʻekiʻe watt-peak (Wp).
E hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa mai nā helu PV i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka hahai ʻana i kēia waiwai ʻo ia
i manaoia aia ma kWp. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻike i ka mana kiʻekiʻe i haʻi ʻia o kāu mau modules akā
ʻike i ka ʻāpana o nā modules a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i haʻi ʻia (ma ka pakeneka), hiki iā ʻoe
E helu i ka mana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka mana = ʻāpana * pono / 100. E ʻike i nā wehewehe hou aku ma ka FAQ.

 
Batri
hiki


ʻO kēia ka nui, a i ʻole ka mana ikehu, o ka pākaukau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻōnaehana off-grid, i ana ʻia i loko
watt-hola (Wh). Inā ʻike ʻoe i ka volta pākaukau (e ʻōlelo, 12V) a me ka mana o ka pākaukau
ʻAe, hiki ke helu ʻia ka mana ikehu e like me ka mana ikaika=voltage*capacity.

ʻO ka mana ka mana nominal mai ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu piha ʻana, ʻoiai inā ka
ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻōnaehana e wehe i ka pākaukau ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana (e nānā i ke koho aʻe).

 
Hoʻokuʻu
palena ʻoki ʻoki

ʻO nā ʻaniani, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻaniani lead-acid, hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke inā ʻae ʻia lākou e pau
hoʻokuʻu pinepine. No laila ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻoki ʻoki i hiki ʻole ke hele i lalo o ke kau pākaukau a
kekahi pākēneka o ka uku piha. Pono e hookomo ia maanei. ʻO 40% ka waiwai paʻamau
(e pili ana i ka ʻenehana pākahiko lead-acid). No nā pila Li-ion hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke hoʻonoho i kahi haʻahaʻa
ʻoki ʻia eg 20%. Hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā

 
Hoʻohana
per lā

ʻO kēia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu o nā mea uila āpau i pili i ka ʻōnaehana i ka wā
he 24 hola. PVGIS 5.3 ke manaʻo nei ua puʻunaue ʻia kēia ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā discretely over
nā hola o ka lā, e pili ana i kahi hoʻohana home maʻamau me ka hapa nui o ka ʻai i ka wā
ke ahiahi. ʻO ka hapa o ka hola hoʻohana i manaʻo ʻia e PVGIS 5.3 hōʻike ʻia ma lalo a me ka ʻikepili
Aia ka waihona ma ʻaneʻi.

 
Hoʻouka
ʻai
ʻikepili

Inā ʻike ʻoe he ʻokoʻa ka ʻōlelo hoʻohana mai ka mea paʻamau (e ʻike i luna) iā ʻoe
ke koho o ka hoʻouka ʻana iā ʻoe iho. ʻO ka ʻike hoʻohana hola ma ka faila CSV i hoʻouka ʻia
Pono e loaʻa i nā helu 24 hola, kēlā me kēia ma kāna laina ponoʻī. ʻO nā waiwai i loko o ka faila pono ke ʻano
ka hapa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i kēlā me kēia hola, me ka huina o nā helu
e like me 1. Pono e wehewehe ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā no ka manawa kūloko maʻamau, me ka ʻole
ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā offset mālama lā inā pili i kahi. Ua like ke ano me ka
waihona hoʻohana paʻamau.

 
 

6.3 Heluhelu nā mea hoʻopuka no nā helu PV waho-grid

PVGIS helu i ka hana ikehu PV waho-grid me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka lā radiation no kēlā me kēia hola ma kahi manawa o kekahi mau makahiki. Hana ʻia ka helu ʻana ma ka kaʻina hana:

 

No kēlā me kēia hola e helu i ka pāhawewe lā ma ka module (s) PV a me ka PV pili
mana

 

 

Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana PV ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu no kēlā hola, e mālama i ke koena
o ka ikehu ma ka pila.

 

 

Inā piha ka pākaukau, e helu i ka ikehu "hoopau wale" ie hiki i ka mana PV lilo
ʻaʻole i ʻai ʻia a mālama ʻole ʻia.

 

 

Inā nele ka pākaukau, e helu i ka ikehu nalowale a hoʻohui i ka lā i ka helu
o nā lā i pau ai ka ikehu o ka ʻōnaehana.

 

Loaʻa nā mea hoʻopuka no ka hāmeʻa PV off-grid i nā waiwai helu makahiki a me nā pakuhi o kēlā me kēia mahina
nā waiwai hana ʻōnaehana.
Aia ʻekolu kiʻi mahina like ʻole:

 

ʻO ka awelika o ka ikehu o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā o ka ikehu ʻaʻole
hopu ʻia no ka piha ʻana o ka pākaukau

 

 

ʻO nā helu helu mahina e pili ana i ka nui o ka piha ʻana o ka pākaukau i ka lā.

 

 

Histogram o ka helu ʻana o ka pākaukau

 

Loaʻa kēia mau mea ma o nā pihi:

Graphique

E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i kēia no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena o waho:

i) PVGIS 5.3 hana i na hora helu a pau na hola i ka manawa piha moʻo o ka lā
ʻikepili radiation i hoʻohana ʻia. No ka laʻana, inā hoʻohana ʻoe PVGIS-SARAH2 e hana ana ʻoe me 15
makahiki o ka ikepili. E like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo ka puka PV manaoia.no kela a me keia hora mai ka
loaʻa i ka irradiance ma ka mokulele. Hele kēia ikehu pololei i ka ukana a ina he
ʻoi aku ka nui, hele kēia ikehu keu e hoʻopaʻa i ka pākaukau.

 

Inā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka puka PV no kēlā hola ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana, e nalowale ana ka ikehu
lilo lawe ʻia mai ka pākaukau.

 

 

I kēlā me kēia manawa (hola) hiki i ka moku'āina o ka uku o ka pākaukau i 100%, PVGIS 5.3 hoʻohui i hoʻokahi lā i ka helu o nā lā i piha ai ka pākaukau. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia kuhi
ka % o nā lā i piha ai ka pākaukau.

 

 

PVGIS 5.3 hoʻohui i hoʻokahi lā i ka helu o nā lā i ka wā e nele ai ka pākaukau.

 

ii) Ma waho aʻe o nā waiwai awelika o ka ikehu i hopu ʻole ʻia no ka mea o ka pila piha a i ʻole o
awelika ikehu nalo, he mea nui e nana i ka malama waiwai o Ed a me E_lost_d as
hōʻike lākou e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana PV-battery.

 

Awelika o ka ikehu hana i kēlā lā i kēia lā (Ed): ikehu i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana PV e hele ana i ka
hoʻouka, ʻaʻole pono pololei. Ua mālama ʻia paha i loko o ka pākaukau a laila hoʻohana ʻia e ka
ukana. Inā nui loa ka ʻōnaehana PV, ʻo ka nui ka waiwai o ka hoʻohana ukana.

 

 

ʻAʻole i hopu ʻia ka ikehu maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā (E_lost_d): ka ikehu i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana PV
nalowale no ka mea, emi ka ukana ma mua o ka hana PV. ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama i kēia ikehu i loko o ka
ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā haʻahaʻa e like me ka uhi ʻia.

 

 

ʻO ka huina o kēia mau ʻokoʻa ʻelua ua like ia inā hoʻololi nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia wale nō
pili ma ka mana PV i kau ʻia. No ka laʻana, inā he 0 ka ukana, ʻo ka huina PV
hana ʻana e hōʻike ʻia e like me "ike ole i hopuia". ʻOiai inā hoʻololi ka mana pākaukau,
a paʻa nā mea hoʻololi ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole loli ka huina o ia mau ʻāpana ʻelua.

 

iii) Nā palena ʻē aʻe

 

Pākēneka mau lā me ka pākaukau piha: ʻo ka ikehu PV ʻaʻole i pau i ka ukana e hele i ka
pākaukau, a hiki ke piha

 

 

Pākēneka mau lā me ka ʻole o ka pila: nā lā i ka pau ʻana o ka pila
(ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka palena hoʻokuʻu), no ka mea, ua emi ka ikehu o ka ʻōnaehana PV ma mua o ka ukana

 

 

"ʻAʻole i hopu ʻia ka ikehu maʻamau ma muli o ka pākaukau piha" hōʻike i ka nui o ka ikehu PV nalowale
no ka mea, ua uhi ʻia ka ukana a piha ka pākaukau. ʻO ia ka ratio o ka ikehu a pau nalowale ma luna o ka
pūʻina manawa piha (E_lost_d) i puʻunaue ʻia e ka helu o nā lā i loaʻa i ka pākaukau piha loa
hoʻopiʻi ʻia.

 

 

"Nalo ka ikehu maʻamau" ka ikehu i nalo, ma ke ano o ka haawe hiki ole
e hoʻokō ʻia mai ka PV a i ʻole ka pākaukau. ʻO ia ka ratio o ka ikehu i nalowale
(Consumption-Ed) no nā lā a pau i ka pūʻulu manawa i puʻunaue ʻia e ka helu o nā lā o ka pākaukau
loaʻa ka nele ie a hiki i ka palena hoʻokuʻu i kau ʻia.

 

iv) Inā hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka pākaukau a me ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana noho like, ka awelika
e emi ana ka ikehu i nalowale no ka mea hiki i ka pilahi ke hoahu hou aku i ka ikehu hiki ke hoohana ia no ka mea ka
nā ukana ma hope aku. E emi iho ana ka ikehu maʻamau. Eia naʻe, e loaʻa kahi kiko
kahi e hoʻomaka ai e piʻi kēia mau waiwai. Ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka pākaukau, ʻoi aku ka nui o PV ikehu hiki
mālama ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia no nā ukana akā e liʻiliʻi nā lā ke loaʻa ka pākaukau piha loa
hoʻopiʻi, hoʻonui i ka waiwai o ka ratio “ʻaʻole i hopu ʻia ka ikehu maʻamau”. Pēlā nō, ma laila
e, i ka huina, emi ikehu nalo, e like me ka mea hiki ke mālama, akā ma laila e emi ana ka helu
o nā lā i ka haʻalele ʻana o ka pākaukau, no laila, nalowale ka awelika o ka ikehu mahuahua.

v) I mea e ʻike maoli ai i ka nui o ka ikehu i hāʻawi ʻia e ka PV ʻōnaehana pākahiko i ka
nā ukana, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻohana i nā helu Ed o kēlā me kēia mahina. E hoʻonui i kēlā me kēia me ka helu o
nā lā i loko ka mahina a me ka helu o nā makahiki (e hoʻomanaʻo e noʻonoʻo i nā makahiki lele!). ʻO ka huina
hōʻike pehea nui ka ikehu e hele i ka ukana (pololei a ʻole ma o ka pila). Ka mea like
kaʻina hana hiki e hoʻohana i ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka ikehu e nalowale ana, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka
awelika ikehu ole ʻO ka hopu ʻia a me ka nalowale ʻana e helu ʻia me ka helu o nā lā
loaʻa ka pākaukau piha loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a nele paha, ʻaʻole ka huina o nā lā.

vi) ʻOiai no ka ʻōnaehana pili pūnaewele ke hāpai nei mākou i kahi paʻamau waiwai no nā poho pūnaewele
o 14%, ʻaʻole mākou’t hāʻawi i kēlā loli i mea hoʻokomo no nā mea hoʻohana e hoʻololi no ka koho
o ka ʻōnaehana off-grid. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana mākou i kahi waiwai o ka ratio hana o ka holoʻokoʻa
ʻōnaehana waho-grid o 0.67. He manaʻo conservative paha kēia, akā ua manaʻo ʻia i komo
nā poho mai ka hana ʻana o ka pākaukau, ka inverter a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa
ʻāpana ʻōnaehana

7. Mahina awelika hōʻike pāhawewe lā

Hāʻawi kēia ʻaoʻao i ka mea hoʻohana e nānā a hoʻoiho i ka ʻikepili awelika o kēlā me kēia mahina no ka radiation solar a
ka mahana ma luna o ka manawa multiyear.

ʻO nā koho hoʻokomo i ka pā hoʻoheheʻe mahina

 
 
graphique

Pono ka mea hoʻohana e koho mua i ka makahiki hoʻomaka a me ka makahiki hope no ka hoʻopuka. A laila aia a
helu o nā koho e koho i ka ʻikepili e helu ai

Ka honua paepae
irradiation

ʻO kēia waiwai ka huina mahina o ka ikehu pāhawewe lā e pā ana i hoʻokahi mika square o a
mokulele hoʻopaʻa, ana i kWh/m2.

 
kuhikuhi maʻamau
irradiation

ʻO kēia waiwai ka huina mahina o ka ikehu pāhawewe lā e pā ana i hoʻokahi mika square o ka mokulele
e kū mau ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka lā, i ana ʻia i kWh/m2, me ka pāhawewe wale nō
hiki pololei mai ka disc o ka lā.

 
Ka honua
irradiation, maikaʻi loa
kihi

ʻO kēia waiwai ka huina mahina o ka ikehu pāhawewe lā e pā ana i hoʻokahi mika square o ka mokulele
e kū ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka equator, ma ke kihi inclination e hāʻawi i ka makahiki kiʻekiʻe loa
irradiation, ana i kWh/m2.

 
Ka honua
irradiation,
kihi i koho ʻia

ʻO kēia waiwai ka huina mahina o ka ikehu pāhawewe lā e pā ana i hoʻokahi mika square o ka mokulele
e kū ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka equator, ma ke kihi inclination i koho ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana, ana ʻia i loko
kWh/m2.

 
Laki o hoolaha
i ka honua
radiation

ʻAʻole hele pololei mai kahi hapa nui o ka radiation mai ka lā akā
ma muli o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana mai ka lewa (ka lani uliuli) nā ao a me ka ʻehu. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻo diffuse
radiation. Hāʻawi kēia helu i ka hakina o ka nui o ka radiation e hiki mai ana i ka honua ma muli o ka diffuse radiation.

 

ʻO ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kēlā me kēia mahina

Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka helu ʻana o ka radiation ma ke ʻano he kiʻi wale nō, ʻoiai ʻo ka
Hiki ke hoʻoiho ʻia nā waiwai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma CSV a i ʻole PDF.
Aia a hiki i ʻekolu kiʻi like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kaomi ʻana i nā pihi:

Graphique

Hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke noi i kekahi mau koho pāhawewe lā. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau hōʻike ʻia ma
ka pakuhi like. Hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke hūnā i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā pihi ma ka pakuhi ma ke kaomi ʻana i ka
kaao.

8. ʻIkepili hōʻike radiation i kēlā me kēia lā

Hāʻawi kēia mea hana i ka mea hoʻohana e ʻike a hoʻoiho i ka ʻike maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā o ka radiation solar a me ka ea
wela no kekahi mahina. Hōʻike ka ʻaoʻao i ke ʻano o ka radiation lā (a i ʻole ka mahana)
loli mai ka hora a i ka hora ma ka awelika.

ʻO nā koho hoʻokomo i loko o ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o kēlā me kēia lā

 
 
graphique

Pono ka mea hoʻohana e koho i ka mahina e hōʻike ai. No ka mana lawelawe pūnaewele o kēia mea hana ʻo ia hoʻi
hiki ke loaʻa nā mahina 12 a pau me hoʻokahi kauoha.

ʻO ka hoʻopuka o ka helu ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā he 24 mau hola. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kēia mau mea
me he ka hana o ka manawa ma ka manawa UTC a i ʻole ka manawa ma ka palena manawa kūloko. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka lā o ka wahi
hoopakele ana ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka manawa.

Hāʻule ka ʻikepili i hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana:

 

Irradiance ma ka mokulele paʻa Me kēia koho e loaʻa iā ʻoe ka honua, pololei, a pālahalaha
irradiance nā kiʻi no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka lā ma kahi mokulele paʻa, me ka slope a me ka azimuth i koho ʻia
e ka mea hoʻohana. ʻO ke koho hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka ʻaoʻao o ka mālamalama-lani irradiance
(he kumu waiwai no ka mea ka irradiance i ka nele o nā ao).

 

 

Irradiance ma ka lā-track plane Me kēia koho e loaʻa iā ʻoe ka honua, pololei, a
hoolaha irradiance profiles no ka lā ma luna o ka mokulele e kū mau ana i ka
kuhikuhi o ka lā (e like me ke koho ʻelua-axis i ka huli ʻana
helu PV). Hiki iā ʻoe ke koho e ʻike pū i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻulaʻula o ka lani
(he waiwai theoretical no ka irradiance in ka nele o nā ao).

 

 

Temperature Hāʻawi kēia koho iā ʻoe i ka awelika o ka ea o kēlā me kēia mahina
no kēlā me kēia hola i ka lā.

 

Puke o ka pā hōʻike radiation lā

E like me ka papa radiation mahina, hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke ʻike i ka hopena ma ke ʻano he kiʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka
nā papaʻaina Hiki ke hoʻoiho ʻia nā waiwai ma CSV, json a i ʻole PDF format. Koho ka mea hoʻohana
ma waena o ʻekolu kiʻi ma ke kaomi ʻana i nā pihi pili:

Graphique

9. ʻIkepili PV i kēlā me kēia hola

ʻO ka ʻikepili pāhawewe lā i hoʻohana ʻia e PVGIS 5.3 hoʻokahi waiwai no kēlā me kēia hola ma hope a
makahiki he nui. Hāʻawi kēia mea hana i ka mea hoʻohana i ka ʻike piha o ka lā radiation
waihona waihona. Eia hou, hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke noi i ka helu ʻana o ka ikehu PV no kēlā me kēia
hola i ka manawa koho.

9.1 Nā koho hoʻokomo i ka radiation hola a me PV pā mana

Nui nā mea like me ka helu ʻana o ka hana ʻōnaehana PV pili i ka grid
e like me pono e like me nā mea hana hoʻokō ʻōnaehana PV. Ma ka mea paahana hora hiki ke
koho ma waena he mokulele paʻa a me ka ʻōnaehana mokulele hoʻokahi. No ka mokulele paʻa a i ʻole ka
ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka axis hoʻokahi ka Pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka slope e ka mea hoʻohana a i ʻole ke kihi slope pono
e kohoia.

 
 
graphique

Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano kau a me ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kihi, pono ka mea hoʻohana koho i ka mea mua
a i ka makahiki i hala no ka ʻikepili hola.

ʻO ka mea paʻamau, loaʻa ka hoʻopuka i ka irradiance i loko o ka mokulele honua. Eia naʻe, ʻelua ʻē aʻe
nā koho no ka hoʻopuka ʻikepili:

 

Ka mana PV Me kēia koho, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mana o kahi ʻōnaehana PV me ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana
e helu ʻia. I kēia hihia, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana PV, e like me no ka mea
ka helu PV pili pūnaewele

 

 

Nā ʻāpana Radiation Inā koho ʻia kēia koho, ʻo ka pololei, diffuse a me ka ʻike honua
e hoʻopuka ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka radiation lā.

 


Hiki ke koho pū ʻia kēia mau koho ʻelua.

9.2 Hoʻopuka no ka pāhawewe hola a me ka pā mana PV

ʻAʻole like me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe i loko PVGIS 5.3, no kaʻikepili hola aia wale nō ke koho o hoʻoiho ʻana
ka ʻikepili ma CSV a i ʻole json format. Ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻikepili (a hiki i 16 makahiki o ka hora
waiwai), e lilo ia i mea paʻakikī a me ka manawa e hōʻike ai i ka ʻikepili nā pakuhi. ʻO ke ʻano
o ka waihona puka i wehewehe ʻia ma aneʻi.

9.3 Nānā ma PVGIS ʻIkepili Manawa

ʻO nā waiwai irradiance hola o PVGIS-SARAH1 a PVGIS-SARAH2 ua kiʻi ʻia nā ʻikepili
mai ka nānā 'ana i nā ki'i mai ka 'Eulopa geostationary nā ukali. ʻOiai, ʻo kēia mau mea
lawe nā satellite ma mua o hoʻokahi kiʻi i kēlā me kēia hola, ua hoʻoholo mākou e hana wale hoʻohana i hoʻokahi kiʻi i kēlā me kēia hola
a hāʻawi i kēlā waiwai koke. No laila, ka waiwai irradiance hāʻawi ʻia ma PVGIS 5.3 ʻo ia ka
irradiance koke i ka manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka hōʻailona manawa. A ʻoiai mākou e hana i ka
manaʻo i kēlā waiwai irradiance koke makemake ka waiwai awelika o ia hora, in
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka irradiance i kēlā minuke pololei.

No ka laʻana, inā aia nā waiwai irradiance ma HH:10, loaʻa ka lohi 10 mau minuke mai ka
satellite i hoʻohana ʻia a me ka wahi. ʻO ka hōʻailona manawa ma SARAH datasets ka manawa o ka
ukali “ʻike” kahi kikoʻī, no laila e hoʻololi ke kau manawa me ka wahi a me ka
ukali hoʻohana. No nā satelite Meteosat Prime (e uhi ana iā ʻEulopa a me ʻApelika i 40deg Hikina), ka ʻikepili
mai MSG ukali a me ka "ʻoiaʻiʻo" ʻokoʻa ka manawa mai nā wahi a puni 5 mau minuke i hala i ka hora
ʻApelika Hema i 12 mau minuke ma ʻEulopa ʻĀkau. No ka Meteosat Nā ukali hikina, ka "ʻoiaʻiʻo"
ʻokoʻa ka manawa mai kahi o 20 mau minuke ma mua o ka hola mamua pono o ka hora e nee ana mai
Hema i ka Akau. No nā wahi ma ʻAmelika, ka NSRDB waihona, i loaa mai mai
nā kumu hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka satellite, aia ka manawa ma laila HH:00.

No ka ʻikepili mai nā huahana reanalysis (ERA5 a me COSMO), ma muli o ke ʻano o ka irradiance i manaʻo ʻia
helu ʻia, ʻo nā koina o ka hola ka waiwai awelika o ka irradiance i manaʻo ʻia ma kēlā hola.
Hāʻawi ʻo ERA5 i nā waiwai ma HH:30, no laila e kau ʻia i ka hola, ʻoiai ʻo COSMO e hāʻawi i ka hola.
nā waiwai i ka hoʻomaka o kēlā me kēia hola. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka pāhawewe lā, e like me ka ambient
ʻO ka mahana a i ʻole ka makani makani, ua hōʻike pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau helu awelika o kēlā me kēia hola.

No ka ikepili hora e hoohana ana i oen o ka PVGISʻO nā waihona waihona SARAH, ʻo ka timestamp ka mea o ka
ʻikepili irradiance a me nā mea hoʻololi ʻē aʻe, mai ka reanalysis, ʻo ia nā waiwai
e pili ana i kela hora.

10. ʻIkepili Makahiki Maʻamau (TMY).

Hāʻawi kēia koho i ka mea hoʻohana e hoʻoiho i kahi pūʻulu ʻikepili i loaʻa kahi Makahiki Meteorological maʻamau
(TMY) o ka ʻikepili. Aia ka ʻikepili i kēlā me kēia hola o nā ʻano like ʻole:

 

Ka lā a me ka manawa

 

 

ʻO ka irradiance pae honua

 

 

Direct irradiance maʻamau

 

 

Hoʻolahalaha i ka irradiance ākea

 

 

Pumi ea

 

 

ʻO ka wela o ka ʻōpuʻu maloʻo (2m wela)

 

 

Ka makani makani

 

 

Ke kuhikuhi makani (nā degere i ka uaki mai ka ʻākau)

 

 

ʻAno haʻahaʻa pili

 

 

ʻO ka hawewe infrared hoʻohaʻahaʻa lōʻihi

 

Ua hana ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ke koho ʻana i kēlā me kēia mahina i ka hapa nui "maʻamau" mahina ma waho o ka
loaʻa ka manawa piha e laʻa me 16 makahiki (2005-2020) no PVGIS-SARAH2. ʻO nā mea hoʻololi i hoʻohana ʻia
koho i ka typical mahina he global horizontal irradiance, ea ka mahana, a me ka haʻahaʻa pili.

10.1 Nā koho hoʻokomo ma ka pā TMY

Hoʻokahi wale nō koho o ka hāmeʻa TMY, ʻo ia ka waihona irradiation solar a me ka manawa kūpono
manawa i hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu ʻana i ka TMY.

10.2 Nā koho hoʻopuka ma ka pā TMY

Hiki ke hōʻike i kekahi o nā kahua o ka TMY ma ke ʻano he pakuhi, ma ke koho ʻana i ke kahua kūpono i loko
ka papa kuhikuhi hāʻule iho a kaomi ma luna "Nānā".

ʻEkolu mau puka puka i loaʻa: kahi ʻano CSV maʻamau, kahi ʻano json a me ka EPW
(EnergyPlus Weather) ʻano kūpono no ka polokalamu EnergyPlus i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ikehu
helu hana. ʻO kēia ʻano hōʻano hope he CSV hoʻi akā ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka format EPW
(hoʻonui waihona .epw).

E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i nā kaha manawa ma nā faila TMY

 

Ma nā faila .csv a me .json, ʻo ka timestamp ʻo HH:00, akā hōʻike i nā waiwai e pili ana i ka
PVGIS-SARAH (HH:MM) a i ʻole ERA5 (HH:30).

 

 

Ma nā faila .epw, pono ke ʻano e hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano he waiwai
e like me ka nui o ka hora ma mua o ka manawa i hoikeia. ʻO ka PVGIS .epw
Hoʻomaka ka moʻo ʻikepili ma 01:00, akā hōʻike i nā waiwai like me ka nā faila .csv a me .json ma
00:00.

 

Loaʻa ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka hōpili ʻikepili puka ma aneʻi.