Cov Vaj Huam Sib Luag Solar Cov Lus Qhia Install Qhia: Ua tiav DIY thiab kev ua haujlwm teeb tsa
Cov Vaj Huam Sib Luag Solar Cov nqi nruab nrog $ 15,000 rau $ 30,000 rau qhov nruab nrab American tsev, nrog them nyiaj
lub sij hawm
ntawm 6
Txog 10 xyoo nyob ntawm koj lub xeev cov kev txhawb siab thiab hnub ci. Qhov kev qhia no thoob plaws taug kev koj
dhau
txhua
Kauj ruam ntawm koj lub hnub ci project, los ntawm kev ntsuas thawj zaug rau kev ua haujlwm.
Txawm hais tias koj tab tom npaj DIY hnub ci teeb tsa lossis ntiav cov kws tshaj lij, koj yuav pom qhov tseem ceeb
Cov tswv yim,
Cov nqi, thiab cov cai tswjfwm yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav cov tshuab nruab photovaic ntawm koj cov cuab yeej.
Kev Ntsuas Hnub Ci Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas
Kev Tso Tawm ROLD rau Solar Vaj Huam Sib Luag
Ua ntej kev txhim kho cov panels hnub ci, ntau qhov kev qhia paub txog koj qhov project muaj kev vam meej:
Kev qhia zoo tshaj plaws: Hnub ci modules tsim hluav taws xob siab kawg nkaus thaum ntsib kev tseeb sab qab teb,
nrog
Southeast thiab Southwest cov kev qhia tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. East lossis West-tig lub ru tsev nyob twj ywm siv tau nrog 15-20%
kev tsim
poob.
Zoo tagnrho qaij kaum sab xis: Cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm thaj tsam li ntawm 30 txog 40 degrees kom ua kom ntau xyoo
ntau lawm. Ca ru tsev ua rau qaij kho kom haum siv cov tshuab ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Muaj ru tsev chaw: Npaj rau kwv yees li 80-100 square feet ntawm ib kw ntsia. Ib txwm
6
KW cov kab ke yuav tsum tau 480-600 square feet ntawm chaw vov tsev tsis muaj zog.
Rut cov txheej txheem kev ntseeg: Txheeb xyuas koj lub ru tsev tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ib qho ntxiv 2-4 phaus ib ntu
ko taw. Kev ntsuas kev tshaj lij yuav tsim nyog rau cov tsev laus dua lossis lub ru tsev ua haujlwm.
Hnub ci muaj peev xwm suav nrog PVGIS
Txhawm rau ntsuas koj lub neej yav tom ntej kev tsim hluav taws xob, siv lub PVGIS24 lub tshuab suav uas koom ua ke lub cubeorological tshiab
xov xwm
thiab muaj cov qauv tseem ceeb. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom ua kom tau zoo kev paub txog vaj huam sib luag
qaij,
thiab cov txheej txheem teeb tsa.
Yog tias koj tshiab rau hnub ci kev tshuaj xyuas, dawb PVGIS 5.3 lub laij lej muab kev txhim khu kev qha thawj zaug
Koj lub peev xwm ntau lawm. Rau kev tsom xam ua kom muaj xws li kev ntsuas nyiaj txiag, sab laj peb tag nrho PVGIS tus coj kev Kom paub meej tag nrho muaj
Nta.
Cov Kev Cai Tsoom Fwv Peb Hnub Ci thiab Kev Tso Cai 2025
Lub tsev tso cai: Yuav tsum muaj rau txhua lub tsev roftop, tso cai feem ntau yuav siv 2-6
lub lim tiam nyob ntawm koj txoj cai. Xa cov ntawv thov nrog cov phiaj xwm xaib, cov qauv hluav taws xob, thiab qauv
suav.
Cov cim hauv zos: Txheeb xyuas raws li cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv tebchaws (NEC), thoob ntiaj teb
Cov Cai Ntawm Txoj Cai (IRC), thiab cov kev hloov pauv hauv zos. Cov Kev Xav Hluav Taws Xob Kaw Hluav Taws Xob uas feem ntau yuam 3-ko taw tsis meej los ntawm
Ru tsev vov.
Cov nqi hluav taws xob sib txuas: Cov lus pom zoo netinging xav tau kev pom zoo ua haujlwm ua ntej
commissioning. Cov sij hawm ua sib txawv ntawm 2-8 lub lis piam nyob ntawm seb thiab cov cai tswj hluav taws xob kom zoo li cas.
Hoa Kev Pom Zoo: Ntau lub koom haum tswv tsev neeg tsis tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub cuam tshuam hnub ci tab sis
tej zaum yuav ua rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj lossis tso cov kev txwv.
Hnub Ci Khoom Siv Xaiv Thiab Cheebtsam
Hom Lub Hnub Ci Cov Panels rau Kev Teeb Nruab Nruab
Monocrystalline panels: Kev xa tawm 19-23% efficiency, cov modules no muaj kev ua kom zoo dua
ua tau zoo ib square feet. Lawv 25+ xyoo lifesifies qhia tau ntau dua upfront tus nqi rau qhov chaw-txwv
teeb tsa.
Panels polyrystalline: Nrog 15-19% efficiency, lawv muab tus nqi zoo rau feem ntau
Cov ntawv thov nyob. Lawv cov thev naus laus zis ua kom ntseeg tau kev ua tau zoo ntev ntawm tus nqi sib tw.
Nyias-zaj duab xis Panels: Hloov tau thiab lub teeb yuag, lawv yoog kom haum rau lub ru tsev ua si ntsuas hluav taws xob lossis
Cov cuab yeej cuab yeej architecture. Qis dua (10-13%) yuav tsum muaj cov chaw teeb tsa loj dua tab sis ua tau zoo dua hauv
siab
kub.
Inverter Systems thiab Fwv Kev Txhim Kho
Txoj hlua Inverters: Nqi tau them nqi rau kev nruab qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, Centralizing DC rau AC
hloov dua siab tshiab. Lawv 10-15 xyoo livesnal feem ntau yuav tsum tau hloov thaum lub sij hawm lub teeb tsa lub neej ua haujlwm.
Cov Kev Ua Haujlwm Fais Fab: Sib txuas txoj hlua hlua inverter Accessorial nrog kev ua kom zoo-qib kev ua kom zoo, lawv
Kev cuam tshuam araring kev cuam tshuam thaum muab kev soj ntsuam kev soj ntsuam muaj peev xwm kho tau.
Microinervleers: Nruab rau hauv qab txhua pawg, lawv ua tiav ntau lawm los ntawm lub ru tsev nyuaj
Layouts thiab muab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ua siab ntev. Cov nqi siab dua yog ua kom ncaj qha rau cov nyom sib.
Mounting thiab racking tshuab
Aluminium racking ntsia muab cov qauv txheej txheem rau vaj huam sib txuas txuas. Kev kub siab nyob ntawm cua
thiab
Daus loads tau teev tseg hauv kev ua tsev.
Ru tsev txuas sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv vov tsev (sib xyaw ua ke, Pobzeb, TPO) thiab yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv
cov txheej txheem rafters kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau anchoring.
Flashing thiab sealing tshuab suav nrog EPDM GACKETS, cov khau nkag mus rau, thiab cov ntaws thiab cov ntxaij vab tshaus tshwj xeeb rau txhua tus
cov khoom vov tsev.
Kauj ruam-rau-qib Solar vaj huam sib luag cov txheej txheem
Kauj ruam 1: Kev npaj npaj thiab kev nyab xeeb
Cov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov cuab yeej kev nyab xeeb rau cov pab pawg solar
- OSHA-ua raws li txoj kev nyab xeebNrog dorsal thiab sternal symptoms cov ntsiab lus
- Hard Haus Rated Ansi Z89.1Rau kev cuam tshuam thiab nkag siab tsis kam
- Tsis yog khau khiab khau khauNrog kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob
- Kev txiav hnab looj tes ua hauj lwmrated ansi A3 lossis siab dua
- Kev Saib Xyuas Ib Cheeb Tsam Ib Zauglossis lees tias thauj tog rau nkoj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau 5,000 lbs
Kuaj cov huab cua huab cua: zam kev teeb tsa thaum cua tshaj li 25 mph, nag lossis daus, lossis qhov kub hauv qab no
20°F. Optimal Ua Haujlwm Kub Kub Los Ntawm 40°F rau 80°F rau kev sib raug zoo sib dhos tuav.
Kauj ruam 2: Layout Npav thiab Ru Tsev Loj
Rafter qhov chaw: Siv lub stud finder lossis sojntsuam nrog ib tug nyias me ntsis kom precisely nrhiav qauv qauv
roof tswv cuab. Mark Rafter Centerlines rau qhov raug txuas txuas ntxiv.
Ntxawg placing: Saib xyuas qhov siab tshaj plaws 48-nti sib nrug ntawm cov ntsiab lus txuas. Nyob rau hauv siab
cua hlob
Zones, txo qhov tawm mus rau 32-40 nti nyob rau ib qho kev lag luam specifications.
Weatherproof Nkag tswv yim:
- Looj tho qhov ntsuas nrog cov khoom tsim nyog rau lag bolts
- Tshem tag nrho cov khib nyiab ua ntej kev teeb tsa
- Siv cov vov vov vov vov tsev lossis EPDM gaskets ib ncig nkag
- Torque fasteners maj rau cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb yam tsis muaj kev nruj dua
Kauj ruam 3: Racking Rail Installation
LEVELLING THIAB LIAB LUS: Siv qib laser lossis dej ntau dua los xyuas kom meej cov kev tsheb ciav hlau zoo nkauj.
Kev hloov pauv ntau tshaj li 1/8 nti ib 10 ko taw yuav hloov kho kev sib txuas kev sib haum.
Ruaj Ruaj: Torque lag bolts rau 25-35 ft-lbs nyob ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom
Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb.
Txheeb xyuas xoom kev txav tom qab zaum kawg.
Kev Ntsuas Dej Tsis Muaj Waterproofing: Tshawb xyuas txhua qhov chaw nkag mus thiab thov kev sib foob ntxiv yog tias
tsim nyog. Dej yuav tsum tsis txhob ua haujlwm ib ncig ntawm cov khoom siv txuas.
Kauj Ruam 4: Lub Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag Mounting
Kev nyab xeeb tuav: Yuav tsum ua haujlwm ib txwm ua haujlwm nrog tus khub thaum tsiv panels. Nqa cov qauv los ntawm lawv
tooj dawb
thaus, yeej tsis los ntawm cov thawv tshuam lossis cov cable.
Txuas Txuas: Siv cov chaw tsim khoom kawg thiab lub clamps nruab nrab. Torque los teev
Qhov tseem ceeb (feem ntau 8-12 ft-lbs) tsis muaj deforming txhuas thav ntawv.
Module Spacing: Tswj 0.25-0.5 nti qhov khoob ntawm panels rau thermal expansion thiab tsim nyog
tso kua mis.
Kauj ruam 5: DC hluav taws xob xaim hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas
Series vs. Phaj Kev Sib Tw:
- Cov xov hlau muaj ntau dua voltage (30v → 60V → 90V ib vaj huam sib luag)
- Cov xaim hluav taws xob kom sib xws tau nce tam sim no thaum tswjfwm voltage
- Hwm Inverter voltage txwv (feem ntau 300v rau 600v siab tshaj plaws)
Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob: Nruab DC fuses rated ntawm 125% ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag cov luv-Circuit zaus tam sim no. Nyias
Txoj hlua yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv ib leeg.
Khoom Siv Hauv: BRER TXHUA TUS METALLIC Cheebtsam (ntsia, thav duab, racking) rau hauv av
electrode kev siv hluav taws xob siv 12 awg liab qab tooj liab tsawg kawg nkaus.
Kauj Ruam 6: Inverter Installation thiab AC kev txuas
Qhov kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws:
- Zoo-ventilated qhov chaw nyob nrog huab cua sov hauv qab 104°F
- Huab cua Kev Tiv Thaiv NEMA 3R qhov tsawg kawg rau kev sib sau sab nraud
- Kev Tu Me Nyuam Yooj Yim
- Ntau tshaj 150 taws los ntawm cov hnub ci tawm (txo DC voltage poob)
Kev Sib Txuas Hluav Taws Xob: Ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv xaim hluav taws xob ua kom meej. Siv cov huab cua MC4
Connectors thiab UV-rated conduit rau sab nraum zoov DC wireing.
Txoj haujlwm uas ua haujlwm: Siv zog inverter ua ntej, ces kaw DC disconnect. Xyuas cov khoom lag luam
saum
Muab daim ntawv thov tso saib thiab saib xyuas.
Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag thiab Cov Nqi Puas Muaj Peev Xwm 2025
Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws
|
Ib feem
|
Tus nqi nruab nrab 2025
|
Cov feem pua siv nyiaj siv
|
|
Hnub ci Panels (Khoom Siv)
|
$ 0.50-0.80 / watt
|
30-35%
|
|
Inverter System
|
$ 0.15-0.25 / watt
|
10-15%
|
|
Racking thiab mounting
|
$ 0.10-0.20 / Watt
|
8-12%
|
|
Cheebtsam Hluav Taws Xob
|
$ 0.08-0.15 / watt
|
5-10%
|
|
Kev Ua Haujlwm Nruab Nrab
|
$ 0.50-1.00 / watt
|
35-45%
|
Piv txwv tus nqi rau 6 kW system:
- DIY INSTALLATION: $ 9,000- $ 12,000
- Kev teeb tsa tshaj lij: $ 15,000- $ 24,000
Tseem Fwv thiab Lub Xeev Infentives 2025
Tsoomfwv Hnub Ci Kev Lag Luam Nyiaj Txiag (ITC): 30% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm 2032, txo qis
rau
26% nyob rau hauv 2033 thiab 22% nyob rau hauv 2034 ua ntej tas sij hawm rau cov chaw nyob.
Xeev cov khoos kas rebate: Ntau lub xeev muab nyiaj ntxiv nyiaj rov qab los ntawm $ 0.20 rau
$ 1.00
ib qho watt ntsia. Kuaj Chaw khaws ntaub ntawv
ntawm
Lub xeev kev txhawb zog rau kev rov ua dua tshiab & Efficiency (Dsire) rau cov kev kawm tam sim no.
Cov Cai Tswj Xyuas Netments: Feem ntau cov xeev yuav tsum tau siv cov nqi hluav taws xob kom tau credit ntau tshaj hnub ci ntau lawm
Cov khoom lag luam muag khoom, txawm tias cov cai sib txawv los ntawm kev txiav txim.
Cov se cov se them se: Ntau lub xeev zam Hnub ci los ntawm cov se vaj tse
Kev ntsuas, tiv thaiv cov tswv tsev los ntawm kev ntsuas ntau ntxiv.
Los ua kom zoo rau koj qhov project cov nyiaj txiag rov qab los, siv peb Hnub Ci Nyiaj Txiag Simulator uas xam
Qhia txuag nyiaj raws li koj cov qauv kev siv nyiaj thiab qhov chaw nyob.
Kev Txij Nkawm Kev Tu thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo
Kev Tiv Thaiv Txij Nkawm Yuav Tsum Tau
Vaj Huam Sib Luag Tu: DMARD Semi-txhua xyoo tu nrog dej de deionized thiab xab npum me me.
Xyeej tseg
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj abasivive uas kos duab khob thiab txo kev sib kis lub teeb. Cov Panels qias neeg poob 5-15% efficiency.
Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas Txuas: Ib xyoos ib zaug kuaj hluav taws xob terminal nruj thiab cable.
Yeeb yam
rau corrosion, rwg rwb thaiv tsev, lossis xoob txuas txuas.
Inverter Kev Tu: Qhov taw qhia txhua hli taw qhia thiab kev ua pa tshuaj ntsuam tu.
Hloov cov cua lim ntawm cov inverters loj li tau teev los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab.
Kev soj ntsuam xyuas thiab kuaj mob
Saib txhua yam kev lag luam txhua hnub los ntawm cov ntawv thov tshuaj xyuas lossis kho cov tshuab. Surch)% + Ntau Lawm
poob taw qhia qhov ua tsis tau zoo.
Sib piv kev ua tau zoo nrog PVGIS24
lub tshuab suav kwv yees kwv yees kom kuaj tau anomalies. Pheej sib txawv tshaj li 15% lav
tus kws
Kev kuaj mob.
Rau cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb xyuas, sab laj tus PVGIS ntawv sau Muab cov ncauj lus qhia ntxaws ntxiv rau
ua kev txhais.
Cov kev teeb tsa sib npaug yuam kev kom tsis txhob muaj
Lub 7 feem ntau hnub ci kev txhim kho teeb meem:
- System undersizing:Txhim kho cov peev xwm tsis txaus rau cov laj thawj lag luam tau txo txhua qhov
project rov qab
- Cov vaj huam sib luag tsis zoo:Kev tsis saib xyuas hnub ci kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem raug nqi 20-30% ntawm cov peev xwm
kev tsim
- Ntxoov nuj txeeg qub teg:Ib lub vaj huam sib luag duab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tag nrho txoj hlua kev ua haujlwm hauv series
kev teeb tsa
- Ua tsis tiav cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv:Kev cuam tshuam ntawm mounting hardware pheej hmoo cua puas thiab
ru tsev
dej xau
- Kev siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo:Kev sib txuas kev sib txuas tsim cov hluav taws kub thiab kev ua txhaum cai
- Ploj lawm hluav taws xob tiv thaiv:Fusing tsis raug thiab tsis sib thooj
- Code kev ua tsis tiav:Tsis quav ntsej txog nec tseev kom muaj thiab kev hloov kho hauv zos yuav txau tso cai thiab
sib pauv
Kev daws teeb meem cov teeb meem kev ua tau zoo
Qis dua qhov kev cia siab:
- Txheeb xyuas qhov tsis muaj duab ntxoo tshiab (nroj tsuag kev loj hlob, kev tsim kho nyob ze)
- Kos vaj huam sib luag huv thiab av tsub zuj zuj
- Kuaj inverter ua haujlwm thiab cov cim yuam kev
Nquag kaw kaw lus:
- Txheeb xyuas kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws
- Kuaj DC Cable Rwb Thaiv Tsev
- Ntsuas cov khoom ua haujlwm ruaj khov (yuav tsum yog <25 OHMS)
Rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev thiab kev kwv yees nyiaj txiag
Cov kev suav raug cai
Cov nyiaj pab txhua xyoo los ntawm thaj av:
- Sab Qab Teb Qab Teb (Arizona, Nevada): $ 1,200- $ 1,800 rau 6 KW system
- California: $ 1,400- $ 2,200 rau 6 kW system
- Northeast (New York, Massachusetts): $ 900- $ 1,400 rau 6 KW system
- Sab Hnub Tuaj (Florida, Texas): $ 1,000- $ 1,600 rau 6 KW system
Lub sijhawm tiag tiag them nyiaj:
- DIY installation: 4-7 xyoo nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob
- Kev Saj Pwm: 6-10 xyoo
- Nrog Tsoom Fwv Suav Seas: 2-3 xyoos txo
25-xyoo nyiaj txiag: Tsim kom zoo tsim 200-300% rov qab los ntawm kev pib
kev nqis peev tshaj lawv txoj kev xav tau lub neej.
Txog Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Tus Kheej suav nrog cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv nroog thiab cov khoos kas ua siab zoo, tshawb cov yam ntxwv siab tshaj
hauv peb Cov Phiaj XwmCov.
Cov Lus Nquag Nug
Ntev npaum li cas yog cov vaj huam sib luag ntev ntev li qub?
Kev teeb tsa kev teeb tsa feem ntau yuav tsum tau 1-3 hnub rau ib qho chaw nyob 6 KW system, ntxiv rau lub sijhawm ntxiv rau
Kev kuaj hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas ua ke. DIY muab kev txhim kho feem ntau luv 4-6 lub sijhawm so.
Kuv tuaj yeem raug cai nruab hnub ci ntsa iab kuv tus kheej?
Yog lawm, cov tswv tsev teeb tsa yog kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm hluav taws xob yuav tsum ua tiav NEC yuav tsum tau ua,
Thiab ntau thaj chaw yuav tsum muaj ntawv tso cai hluav taws xob ua ntej kev sib txuas ua ke. Qee cov tuam ntxhab yuav
tsis yog
lav tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm.
Dab tsi yog lub neej tiag tiag lab ntawm hnub ci panels?
Cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam yuav 80% hluav taws xob tawm tom qab 25 xyoos. Panels zoo feem ntau tswj tau 85-90% kev ua tau zoo tom qab
25 xyoos thiab txuas ntxiv kev lag luam rau 35-40 xyoo nrog grarll 0.5% txhua xyoo degradation.
Puas yog hnub ci teeb meem se?
Cov txheej txheem hnub ci tau tsim nyog tau txais qhab nia se tseem tsis muaj nyiaj khwv tau los ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Ua lag luam
Kev teeb tsa yuav tsim cov txiaj ntsig kev txo qis thiab xav tau kev sib tham txog kev tshaj lij.
Yuav ua li cas hais txog lawg thiab huab cua puas?
Hnub ci panels withstand 1-nti lawg ntawm 50 mph ib ul ul 61730 sim cov qauv. Cov ntawv tuav pov hwm hauv tsev feem ntau
npog
huab cua puas. Cov ntaub ntawv kev puas tsuaj tam sim ntawd nrog cov duab thiab tau txais kev kwv yees.
Kuv yuav ua li cas thiaj li tau txais kev siv Solar tus kheej?
Lub sij hawm loj hluav taws xob thauj khoom (tshuab ntxuav tais diav, tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, cov twj nqus dej) thaum lub sij hawm solar ntau lawm (10 AM - 4
PM). Ntse Kev Tswj Xyuas Lub Zog Hluav Taws Xob muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem kho cov txheej txheem no thiab nce kev noj tus kheej txij li 30% mus rau 70%.
Xaus thiab cov kauj ruam tom ntej
Cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci zog ua haujlwm sawv cev rau lub suab ntev ntev rau cov neeg Asmeskas cov tswv tsev. Nrog npaj kom tsim nyog
thiab
Kev muab tua, koj lub photovoltaic tuaj yeem xa cov nyiaj khaws tau ntau ntau dua 30 xyoo.
Koj tom ntej no:
- Ntsuam xyuas koj lub hnub ci muaj peev xwmsiv cov PVGIS24 lub tshuab suav Txog kev kwv yees kwv yees raws li koj lub sijhawm
Qhov chaw thiab cov yam ntxwv vov
- Model Project Economicsnrog peb Nyiaj Txiag Simulator sib xyaw hauv zos
Incentives thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob
- Nthuav koj cov kev paubLos ntawm peb PVGIS blog Npog Kev Lag Luam Hnub Ci Kev Lag Luam thiab
Cov Tswv Yim Kom Zoo
Rau cov lus nug tshwj xeeb lossis cov kev qhia tus kheej, peb PVGIS Pab pawg muab kev txhawb zog txhawb nqa los ntawm
peb li Cov Ntaub Ntawv Portal Featuring Qhia Txog Yuav Ua Li Cas
tutorials.
Hnub ci zog ua raws li kev hloov kho koj txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov nqi hluav taws xob. Tus khub nrog PVGIS coj
Kev tshawb fawb kom meej rau koj qhov kev hloov tsheb txuas ntxiv.