I-PHOTOVOLTAIC GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
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PVGIS 5.3 INCWADI YOKUSEBENZISA
PVGIS 5.3 Incwadana yemisebenzi
1. Intshayelelo
Eli phepha lichaza indlela yokusebenzisa i PVGIS 5.3 Intlondi yeWebhu yokuvelisa ukubala
ilanga
I-radiation kunye nefotovoltaic (PV) yenkqubo yenkqubo. Siza kuzama ukubonisa indlela yokusebenzisa
PVGIS 5.3 ngokuziqhelanisa. Unokuba nokujonga kwi iindlela ngeendlela
isetyenzisiwe
Ukwenza ukubala
okanye ngokufutshane "Ukuqala" isikhokelo .
Le ncwadana ichaza PVGIS Inguqulelo 5.3
1.1 Yintoni PVGIS
PVGIS 5.3 Isicelo sewebhu esivumela ukuba umsebenzisi afumane idatha kwi-solar yelanga
kwaye
Imveliso yenkqubo yefotovoltaic (PV) yenkqubo yenkqubo, nakweyiphi na indawo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Yi
simahla ukuyisebenzisa, ngaphandle kwezithintelo kwiziphumo ezinokusetyenziselwa ntoni, kwaye kungekho
Ubhaliso luyimfuneko.
PVGIS 5.3 inokusetyenziselwa ukwenza inani elininzi lokubala. Le ncwadana iya
chaza
Ngamnye wabo. Ukusebenzisa PVGIS 5.3 Kuya kufuneka uhambe kwi Amanyathelo ambalwa alula.
Uninzi lwe
Ulwazi olunikiweyo kule ncwadana nakwenokufumaneka nakwiitekisi zoncedo ze PVGIS
5.3.
1.2 Igalelo kunye nemveliso ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3
I PVGIS Isinxibelelanisi somsebenzisi siboniswe ngezantsi.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3 funa igalelo elivela kumsebenzisi- le Iphathwe njengeefom zewebhu eziqhelekileyo, apho umsebenzisi acofa kwiinketho okanye ungenayo ulwazi, njenge ubungakanani benkqubo ye-PV.
Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ngedatha yokubala umsebenzisi kufuneka akhethe indawo yendawo
ukubala ukubala.
Oku kwenziwa:
Ngokucofa kwimephu, mhlawumbi usebenzisa inketho ye-zoom.
Ngokungena kwidilesi kwi "idilesi" Intsimi engezantsi kwemephu.
Ngokungena kwi-XITE nobude kwimimandla engezantsi kwemephu.
Ubude nobude bunokuba negalelo kwifomathi yeDD: mm: SSA apho i-DD iphi iDDES,
I-MM imizuzu ye-ARC, i-SS I-ARC-imizuzwana kunye ne-hemisphere (n, s, e, w).
Ubude nobude bunokuba negalelo njengamaxabiso omde, ngoko umzekelo, 45°15'N
kufuneka
Yiba ngama-45.25. I-Latituds South yekhweyitha igalelo lamaxabiso ambi, emantla kukho
kulungile.
Ixesha elide kwi-0° I-meridian kufuneka inikezwe njengamaxabiso amabi, amaxabiso aseMpuma
zilungile.
PVGIS 5.3 ivumela i umsebenzisi Ukufumana iziphumo kwinani elahlukileyo Iindlela:
Njengamanani kunye neegrafu eziboniswe kwisikhangeli sewebhu.
Zonke iigrafu zinokugcinwa kwifayile.
Njengoko ulwazi kwifomathi yetekisi (i-CSV).
Iifomati zemveliso zichazwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwi "Izixhobo" icandelo.
Njengoxwebhu lwePDF, olukhoyo emva kokuba umsebenzisi ecofe ubonise iziphumo kwi Isiphequluli.
Sebenzisa ukungasebenzi PVGIS 5.3 Iinkonzo zeWebhu (IiNkonzo ze-API).
Ezi zinto zichazwe ngakumbi kwi "Izixhobo" icandelo.
I-2. Sebenzisa ulwazi lwe-horindon
Ukubala imitha yelanga kunye / okanye i-PV yokusebenza ngaphakathi PVGIS
5.3 Ungayisebenzisa
I-Horizon yendawo yokuqikelela iziphumo zezithunzi ezivela kwiinduli ezikufuphi okanye
Iintaba.
Umsebenzisi uneqela lokukhetha kolu khetho, oluboniswa ngasekunene kwe
Imephu kwi
PVGIS 5.3 isixhobo.
Umsebenzisi unezinto ezintathu zokhetho lolwazi lwe-therind:
Sukusebenzisa ulwazi olukhawulezileyo ngenxa yokubala.
Olu lukhetho xa umsebenzisi
Ingaba i-the yobabini "ibala" kwaye i
"Ngenisa ifayile ye-hoizon"
Khetha ukhetho.
Sebenzisa i PVGIS 5.3 Yakhelwa inkcukacha.
Ukukhetha oku, khetha
"Ibala" kwi PVGIS 5.3 isixhobo.
Le yi
Ukungagqibeki
Inketho.
Ngenisa ulwazi lwakho malunga nokuphakama okuphakamileyo.
Ifayile ye-horizon ukuba ifakwe kwiWebhusayithi yethu kufuneka ibe
Ifayile yetekisi elula, enjengale ungayenza usebenzisa umhleli wokubhaliweyo (njengencwadana
Windows), okanye ngokuthumela ispredishithi njengexabiso elahlukileyo le-coma (.Csv).
Igama lefayile kufuneka libe nezandiso '.txt' okanye '.
Kwifayile kufuneka kubekho inani ngomgca ngamnye, nenani ngalinye elimele i
terizon
Ukuphakama kwiidigri kwi-Compay yeCompass ethile ejikeleze inqaku elinomdla.
Iindawo eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo kwifayile kufuneka zinikezwe kwicala lokuhamba kweewotshi eliqala
Mantla;
Oko kukuthi, ukusuka ngasentla, ukuya ngasempuma, emazantsi, ngasentshona, kunye nokubuyela emantla.
Amaxabiso athatyathwa ukuba amele umgama olinganayo ujikeleze umgama ojikelezileyo.
Umzekelo, ukuba unexabiso lama-36 kwifayile,PVGIS 5.3 thatha oko
i
Inqaku lokuqala lifanelekile
North, elandelayo yi-10 degrees empuma yeNyakatho, njalo njalo, kude kufike inqaku lokugqibela,
I-10 degrees West
emantla.
Ifayile yomzekelo inokufumaneka apha. Kule meko, kukho amanani ayi-12 kuphela kwifayile,
Iyahambelana nendawo ethe tyaba kuyo yonke i-30 degrees ejikelezileyo.
Uninzi lwe PVGIS 5.3 izixhobo (ngaphandle kothotho lwexesha le-radiation ye-radiation)
Veza A
Igrafu ye
Horizoon kunye neziphumo zobalo. Igrafu iboniswe njenge polar
iyelenqe kunye
Ukuphakama okuphakamileyo kwisangqa. Inqaku elilandelayo libonisa umzekelo wecebo elinomgangatho. Ifayile yefayile
Umfanekiso wekhamera wendawo enye iboniswe ngokuthelekisa.
I-3. Ukukhetha i-Solar ye-solar Idatha
Idatha ye-solar yelanga (i-DBS) ifumaneka ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3 zezi:
Zonke iidatha zedatha zibonelela ngoqikelelo lwemitha yelanga yelanga
Uninzi lwe Idatha yoqikelelo lwelanga isetyenziswe ngu PVGIS 5.3 zibaliwe kwimifanekiso yesatellite. Kukho inani le Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza oku, kusekwe apho kusetyenziswa iisatellite.
Ukhetho olukhoyo ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3 kwi Umda:
PVGIS-Sarah2 Olu luhlu lwedatha luye
ibalwe yi-CM ikhuselekile
Guqula uSara-1.
Le datha igubungela iYurophu, iAfrika, uninzi lweAsia, kunye neenxalenye zoMzantsi Merika.
PVGIS-Nnsbb Olu luhlu lwedatha luye Inikezwe yiLizwe I-Labotory ehlaziyiweyo (Nrel) kwaye yinxalenye ye I-Solar yeSizwe Imitha Idatha.
PVGIS-Sarah Le iseti yedatha yayi
ibalwe
yi-cm ikhuselekile kwaye
PVGIS Iqela.
Le datha inendawo efanayo kune PVGIS-Sarah2.
Ezinye iindawo azigutyungelwa yidatha yesatellite, le yeyona meko iphezulu
iindawo. Siye sazisa uvimba weenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo ze-Solar ye-Europe, eyokuthi
Iquka amathontsi amantla:
PVGIS-Iyera5 Le yi-reaalysis
imveliso
ukusuka eCMWF.
Ukugubungela yihlabathi liphela kwixesha lokusonjululwa kwexesha kunye nesisombululo sendawo
I-0.28°I-Lat / lon.
Ulwazi oluninzi malunga Idatha ye-raanalysis ye-raanalysis i
ifumaneka.
Kwindlela nganye yokhetho kwiWebhu, PVGIS 5.3 izakuzisa
umsebenzisi
Ukukhetha oovimba beenkcukacha ezigubungela indawo ekhethwe ngumsebenzisi.
Eli nani lingezantsi libonisa iindawo ezigutyungelwe kwi-database yoovimba ngamnye welanga.
Ngokusekwe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa ezenziweyo Uvimba weenkcukacha ocetyiswayo kwindawo nganye zezi zilandelayo:
Ezi ndawo zogcino zizinto ezisetyenziswayo ngokungagqibekanga xa i-parameter ye-radamat ayibonelelwanga
kwizixhobo ezingasebenziyo. Ezi ziinkcukacha ezisetyenzisiweyo kwisixhobo se-TM.
I-4. Ukubala inkqubo ye-PV exhunyiweyo ye-PV intsebenzo
Iinkqubo zefotovoltaic Guqula amandla Ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngamandla ombane. Nangona iimodyuli ze-PV zivelisa umbane othe ngqo (DC), Ngokwesiqhelo iimodyuli ziqhagamshelwe kwi-inverter eguqula umbane we-DC kwi-AC, eyiphi Ungasetyenziswa ekuhlaleni okanye uthunyelwe kwigridi yombane. Olu hlobo lwe Inkqubo ye-PV Ibizwa ngokuba yi-PV edibene ne-PRID. I Ukubalwa kwemveliso yamandla kuthatha ukuba onke amandla angasetyenziswanga ekuhlaleni angabakho ithunyelwe kwigridi.
4.1 Igalelo leNkqubo yeNkqubo ye-PV
PVGIS Ifuna ulwazi oluvela kumsebenzisi ukuba enze ukubalwa amandla e-PV imveliso. La magalelo achazwe koku kulandelayo:
Ukusebenza kweemodyuli ze-PV kuxhomekeke kubushushu nakwi I-Irradiance yelanga, kodwa
Ukuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kuyahluka
phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemodyuli ze-PV. Okwangoku sinako
qikelela ilahleko ngenxa ye
Iqondo lobushushu kunye nefradiance yezi ntlobo zilandelayo ze
Iimodyuli: I-Crystalline Silicon
iiseli; Iimodyuli zefilimu ezinqamlezileyo ezenziwe kwi-cis okanye i-cigs kunye nefilimu emdaka
Iimodyuli ezenziwe kwi-CADMIUM YOKUGQIBELA
(I-CDTE).
Ngobunye ubuchwephesha (ngakumbi itekhnoloji yeetekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo ze-amorthous), olu lungiso alunakuba
ibalwe apha. Ukuba ukhetha enye yeendlela ezintathu zokuqala zokhetho apha ukubalwa kwe
intsebenzo
iya kuthathela ingqalelo ubushushu boxhomekeko ekusebenzeni okhethiweyo
Itekhnoloji. Ukuba ukhetha enye indlela (enye / engaziwayo), ubalo luya kuthatha ilahleko
ye
I-8% yamandla ngenxa yefreyimu yobushushu (ixabiso eliqhelekileyo elifumene ukuba sengqiqweni
I-Vimorimeratic.
Imveliso yamandla e-PV ixhomekeke kwimbonakalo yemitha yelanga. PVGIS 5.3 unakho
bala
Indlela eyahlukileyo yendawo yokukhanya kwelanga ichaphazela ukuveliswa kwamandla ngokubanzi
kwi-PV
Inkqubo. Okwangoku le nto inokwenziwa kwiCrystalline Silicon kunye ne-CDTE
Iimodyuli.
Qaphela ukuba olubalo alukho xa usebenzisa i-rada yelanga ye-NSRDB
Idatha.
La ngamandla omenzi avakalise ukuba i-PV ARCY inokuvelisa phantsi komgangatho
Iimeko zovavanyo (STC), ezihlala zihlala i-1000w ye-Irradiation yelanga kwimitha nganye kwi
Iplanethi yoluhlu, kubushushu obuyi-25°C. Amandla encopho kufuneka afakwe ngaphakathi
kilowatt-peak (kwp). Ukuba awuyazi amandla e-peak echaziweyo yeemodyuli zakho kodwa endaweni yoko
yazi
Indawo yeemodyuli kunye nokungqinelana okusebenzayo (ngepesenti), unako
bala
Amandla encopho njengamandla = indawo * esebenzayo / 100. Jonga ngakumbi inkcazo kwi-FAQ.
Iimodyuli zeBintual: PVGIS 5.3 ayikho't Yenza ukubalwa okuthe ngqo kwibhayisi
Iimodyuli okwangoku.
Abasebenzisi abanqwenela ukuphonononga izibonelelo zetekhnoloji
igalelo
Ixabiso lamandla
I-Ifaifate ye-BIFATE I-IRRADIARE. Oku kunokuqikelelwa kwi
icala langaphambili lincopho
Ixabiso lamandla e-P_STC kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo, φ (ukuba ixeliwe kwi
Iphepha ledatha yemodyuli) njenge: p_bnpi
= P_STC * (1 + φ * 0.135). I-NB le ndlela yobubi ayikho
ilungele i-bapv okanye i-bipv
Ukufakelwa okanye iimodyuli zokunyusa kwi-axis axis okt ijonge
I-EW.
Ilahleko yenkqubo eqikelelweyo yiyo yonke ilahleko kwinkqubo, ebangela amandla eneneni
Inikezwe kwigridi yombane ukuba iphantsi kunegunya eliveliswe ziimodyuli ze-PV. Pha
Ngaba izizathu ezininzi zezi zilahleko, ezinjengelahleko kwiintambo, i-interters yamandla, ubumdaka (ngamanye amaxesha
Ikhephu) kwiimodyuli njalo njalo. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo iimodyuli zithanda ukulahlekelwa zizinto zabo
Amandla, ngoko ke i-avareji yeminyaka yoNyaka ngaphezulu kobomi benkqubo iya kuba yipesenti ezimbalwa
kunemveliso kwiminyaka yokuqala.
Sinike ixabiso elingagqibekanga le-14% yelahleko yonke. Ukuba unembono entle ukuba
Ixabiso liya kuba lahlukile (mhlawumbi ngenxa ye-interter enesidima) unokuyinciphisa le nto
ixabiso
kancinci.
Iinkqubo ezisisigxina (ezingalandeliyo), indlela iimodyuli ezifakwe kuyo ziya kuba nefuthe kwi
Iqondo lokushisa lemodyuli, elichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle. Iimvavanyo zibonisile
ukuba intshukumo yomoya emva kweemodyuli zithintelwe, iimodyuli zinokufumana
kushushu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15°C nge-1000w / m2 yelanga).
Ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3 Zimbini izinto ezinokwenzeka: Ukuma okungakumbi, okuthetha ukuba iimodyuli zezi
ifakwe
kwirakhi enomoya ohamba ngokukhululekileyo emva kweemodyuli; kunye nokwakha- ukudityaniswa,
kuthetha ukuba
Iimodyuli zakhiwe ngokupheleleyo kwisakhiwo sodonga okanye uphahla lwe
isakhiwo, ngaphandle komoya
Ukuhamba emva kweemodyuli.
Ezinye iintlobo zokuphakama ziphakathi kwezi zinto zimbini, umzekelo, iimodyuli zezi
iphakanyiswe eluphahleni ngamathayile ophahla egudileyo, ivumela umoya ukuba uhambe ngasemva
Iimodyuli. Kuyo
amatyala,
Intsebenzo iya kuba kwindawo ethile phakathi kweziphumo zokubala ezimbini ezikhoyo
kunokwenzeka
Apha.
Le yi-angle yeemodyuli ze-PV kwindiza ethe tyaba, ye-on eqingqiweyo (engalandeli)
Ukunyuka.
Ezinye izicelo Ithambeka kunye neAzimuth Angles ziya kwaziwa, umzekelo ukuba i-PV
Iimodyuli ziya kwakhiwa kuphahla olukhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unayo indlela yokukhetha
i
ithambeka kunye / okanye i-Azimuth, PVGIS 5.3 Ingaba ubalwa kuwe ilungele
amaxabiso
Kwithambeka kwaye
I-Azimuth (ithatha ii-angles ezisisigxina zonyaka wonke).
iimodyuli
(Ukuqhelaniswa) kwe-PV
iimodyuli
I-Azimuth, okanye isifundo, yikomishini yemodyuli ye-PV izalamane nolwalathiso.
-
I-90° impuma, 0° imazantsi kunye ne-90° intshona.
Ezinye izicelo Ithambeka kunye neAzimuth Angles ziya kwaziwa, umzekelo ukuba i-PV
Iimodyuli ziya kwakhiwa kuphahla olukhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unayo indlela yokukhetha
i
ithambeka kunye / okanye i-Azimuth, PVGIS 5.3 Ingaba ubalwa kuwe ilungele
amaxabiso
Kwithambeka kwaye
I-Azimuth (ithatha ii-angles ezisisigxina zonyaka wonke).
ithambeka (kwaye
ingayiyo I-Azimuth)
Ukuba ucofa ukukhetha olu khetho, PVGIS 5.3 izakubala ithambeka le-PV Iimodyuli ezinika ezona zinto ziphezulu zamandla unyaka wonke. PVGIS 5.3 unako Bala i-azimuth efanelekileyo ukuba uyafuna. Olu khetho luthatha ukuba ithambeka kunye neAzimuth Angles hlala umiswe unyaka wonke.
Iinkqubo ze-PV ezisimahla ezinxulumene negridi PVGIS 5.3 ingabala indleko wombane oveliswe yinkqubo ye-PV. Ukubala kuxhomekeke kwi "Iqukwe Ixabiso lamandla" Indlela, efana nendlela umboleko-mali osisigxina ubalwa. Kufuneke u Faka i-bits ezimbalwa zolwazi ukwenza ukubala:
iindleko ubalo
• Ixabiso elipheleleyo lokuthenga kunye nokufaka inkqubo ye-PV,
kwimali yakho. Ukuba ungenise i-5kwp
njenge
Ubungakanani benkqubo, iindleko kufuneka zibe zenkqubo yobukhulu.
•
Ixabiso lenzala, kwi-% ngonyaka, oku kuthathwa njengehlala rhoqo ebomini
i
Inkqubo ye-PV.
• Ubomi obulindelekileyo benkqubo ye-PV, kwiminyaka.
Ukubala kuyacinga ukuba kuya kubakho iindleko ezisisigxina ngonyaka ngokugcinwa kwe-PV
inkqubo
(njengokutshintshwa kwamacandelo atshabalalisayo), alingane ne-3% yeendleko zokuqala
ye
Inkqubo.
4.2 Ukubalwa kweziphumo ze-PV Grid-uqhagamshelwe Ukubala kwenkqubo
Iziphumo zobalo ziquka amaxabiso aphakathi minyaka le yemveliso yamandla kunye
kwindiza
I-Irradiation yelanga, kunye neegrafu zamaxabiso enyanga.
Ukongeza kwimveliso ye-PV yonyaka ye-PV kunye ne-irradiation ephakathi, PVGIS 5.3
kwakhona ingxelo
Ukwahluka konyaka ukuya kwi-PV kukhuphiswano lwe-PV, njengomfuzo oqhelekileyo
Ixabiso lonyaka ngaphezulu
Ixesha elinedatha ye-solar ye-solar kwidatha ye-solar oyinyuliweyo.
Ufumana kwakhona
Amagqabantshintshi ngelahleko eyahlukileyo kwimveliso ye-PV ebangelwa ziziphumo ezahlukeneyo.
Xa ubala ukubala igrafu ebonakalayo yimveliso ye-PV. Ukuba uvumela isikhombisi semouse
I-Hover ngaphezulu kwegrafu ungayibona amaxabiso enyanga njengamanani. Ungatshintsha phakathi kwe
Iigrafu Ukucofa kumaqhosha:
Iigrafu zineqhosha lokukhuphela kwikona ephezulu ngasekunene. Ukongeza, unokukhuphela i-PDF
Uxwebhu nalo lonke ulwazi oluboniswe kwimveliso yokubala.
5. Ukubala inkqubo ye-PV ye-PV intsebenzo
5.1 Igalelo lokuBala i-PV
Umzuzwana "ithebhu" ye PVGIS 5.3 ivumela umsebenzisi ukubala kwe
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ukusuka
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo ze-PV zelanga. Iinkqubo ze-PV zelanga zine
Iimodyuli ze-PV
ifakwe kwiinkxaso ezihambisa iimodyuli ngexesha lemihla ngemihla
indlela
yelanga.
Iinkqubo zithathwa njengegridi eqhagamshelwe, ngoko ke imveliso yamandla e-PV ingazimeleyo
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla endawo.
I-6. Ukubala i-GV ye-PV ye-PV yenkqubo ye-PV
6.1 Igalelo le-PV ye-PV ye-PV
PVGIS 5.3 idinga ulwazi oluvela kumsebenzisi ukuba enze Ukubala amandla e-PV imveliso.
La magalelo achazwe koku kulandelayo:
incopho amandla
La ngamandla omenzi avakalise ukuba i-PV ARCY inokuvelisa phantsi komgangatho
Iimeko zovavanyo, eziqhubeka i-1000w ye-Irradiation yelanga nganye kwindiza
ye
Uluhlu, ubushushu obuyi-25°C. Amandla encopho kufuneka afakwe ngaphakathi
I-Watt-Peak
(Wp).
Qaphela umahluko kwigridi eqhagamshelwe kunye nokulandelela ukubala kwe-PV apho eli xabiso
i
ithathwa njenge-kwp. Ukuba awuyazi amandla e-peak echaziweyo yeemodyuli zakho kodwa endaweni yoko
Yazi indawo yeemodyuli kunye nokubhengezwa okungqinelana (ngepesenti), unako
Bala amagunya encopho njengamandla = indawo * esebenzayo / 100. Jonga ngakumbi ukuchaza kwi-FAQ.
amandla
Olu lubukhulu, okanye amandla omninzi, kwibhetri esetyenzisiweyo kwinkqubo yegridi, elinganiswe ngaphakathi
I-Watt-yure (wh). Ukuba endaweni yoko usazi i-voltage yebhetri (yithi, 12v) kunye nenqanaba lebhetri ngaphakathi
Ah, amandla amandla anokubalwa njengokupapashwe = ivolumu *.
Umthamo kufuneka ube ngumthamo otyunjiweyo wokuhlawuliswa ngokupheleleyo ukukhululeka ngokupheleleyo, nokuba
Inkqubo isetiwe ukuze ikhuphe ibhetri ngaphambi kokuba ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo (jonga ukhetho olulandelayo).
ukusika umda
Iibhetri, ngakumbi iibhetri ezikhokelela kwi-Acid, ihlazo ngokukhawuleza ukuba zivunyelwe ngokupheleleyo
ukukhutshwa rhoqo. Ke ukusikwa kukusetyenziswa ukuze ibhetri ayinakuhamba ngezantsi
a
ipesenti ethile yentlawulo epheleleyo. Oku kufuneka kungeniswe apha. Ixabiso elingagqibekanga lingama-40%
(ehambelana netekhnoloji yebhetri ye-acid). Iibhetri zeLi-ion umsebenzisi unokuseta iphantsi
Ukusika-umz. Ukusetyenziswa ngosuku
nge usuku
Olu luphawu lwamandla lazo zonke izixhobo zombane ezinxulumene ne
Inkqubo ngexesha
ixesha leeyure ezingama-24. PVGIS 5.3 ucinga ukuba le ntshukumo yemihla ngemihla ihanjiswa
ngamandla ngaphezulu
iiyure zosuku, ezihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwekhaya kunye nenkoliso ye
Ukusetyenziswa ngexesha
ngokuhlwa. Iqhezu leyure lokusebenzisa elicingelwayo PVGIS
5.3
iboniswe ngezantsi kunye nedatha
Ifayile ifumaneka apha.
ukuselwa
idatha
Ukuba uyazi ukuba iprofayili yokusela yahlukile kwi-One engagqibekanga (jonga ngasentla) unayo
ukhetho lokufaka eyakho. Ulwazi ngeyure kwifayile ye-CSV elayishwe
kufuneka iqulathe amaxabiso eeyure ezingama-24, ngalinye kumgca walo. Amaxabiso kwifayile kufuneka abe
iqhezu losetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla olwenzeka kwiyure nganye, ngenani lamanani
ilingana ne-1. Iprofayile yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kufuneka ichazwe kwixesha lendawo esemgangathweni,
ngaphandle
Ukuqwalaselwa kwemini yokukhanya kwemini ukuba igcinwe kwindawo efanelekileyo kwindawo. Ifomathi iyafana
i
Ifayile yokusetyenziswa okungagqibekanga.
6.3 Ukubalwa Iziphumo zokubala i-PV ye-PV
PVGIS ibala i-PV yamandla e-PV ithathela ingqalelo i-solar i-radiation nganye iyure ngaphezulu kweminyaka eliqela. Ukubala kwenziwa kwi AMANQAKU ALUNGISELELO:
Iyure nganye ibala imitha yelanga kwimodyuli ye-PV kunye ne-PV ehambelana nayo
amandla
Ukuba amandla e-PV inkulu kunocitho amandla ngeli lixa, gcina ukuphumla
ye
amandla ebhetri.
Ukuba ibhetri izele, ibala amandla "inkcitho" okt amandla e-PV
yiba
Akagqitywa okanye agcinwe.
Ukuba ibhetri iba yinto engenanto, ibala amandla ashiyekileyo kwaye yongeze usuku ukubala
ye
Iintsuku apho inkqubo iphelelwe khona.
Iziphumo ezikhutshelwe kwi-GV ye-PV yeGV iquka amaxabiso eenkcukacha-manani zonyaka kunye neegrafu zenyanga
Iinqobo zokusebenza zenkqubo yenkqubo.
Zintathu iigrafu ezintathu zenyanga:
I-avareji yenyanga yemveliso yemihla ngemihla kunye ne-avareji yemihla ngemihla yamandla hayi
ibanjiwe kuba ibhetri igcwele
Iinkcukacha-manani zenyanga ngenyanga malunga nokuba ibhetri ihlala izele okanye ingenanto emini.
I-chartogram ye-chartogy ye-charbactus
Ezi zifikelelwe ngamaqhosha:
Nceda uqaphele oku kulandelayo ukutolika iziphumo zeGridi:
i) PVGIS 5.3 Ngaba lonke iyure yokubala
ngu
yure
ngaphezulu kwexesha elipheleleyo
uthotho lwelanga
Idatha ye-radiation esetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba usebenzisa PVGIS-Sarah2
Uya kusebenza nge-15
iminyaka yedatha. Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ukuphuma kwe-PV
Iqikelelwa.Kaloku yonke iyure evela kwi
ifunyenwe kwi-Irradiance yendiza. La mandla ayahamba
ngqo kwi
umthwalo kwaye ukuba ikhona
Ukugqitha, lo mandla ongezelelweyo aya kubiza
ibhetri.
Kwimeko yokuphuma kwe-PV yelo ti iphantsi kunendlela yokusebenzisa, amandla alahlekileyo aya
yiba
ithathwe kwibhetri.
Ngalo lonke ixesha (iyure) ukuba imeko yentlawulo yebhetri ifikelela kwi-100%, PVGIS 5.3
Yongeza usuku olunye kubalo lweentsuku xa ibhetri igcwele. Oku emva koko isetyenziselwa
qikelela
Ipesenti yeentsuku xa ibhetri igcwele.
II) Ukongeza kumanqanaba aphakathi aphakathi afakwe
kuba
ibhetri epheleleyo okanye
ye
Amandla aqhelekileyo alahlekileyo, kubalulekile ukukhangela amaxabiso enyanga e-Ed kwaye
E_lost_d njenge
Bayazisa malunga nendlela inkqubo yebhetri ye-PV isebenza ngayo.
Umndilili wamandla oMgangatho ngosuku (Ed): Amandla aveliswa yinkqubo ye-PV eya kwi
umthwalo, hayi ngqo. Isenokuba igcinwe ebhetri kwaye isetyenziswe nge
umthwalo. Ukuba inkqubo ye-PV inkulu kakhulu, eyona nto iphambili kwixabiso lokusebenzisa umthwalo.
Amandla aphakathi angafakwanga ngosuku (e_lost_d): Amandla aveliswa yinkqubo ye-PV eyi
ilahlekile
Kuba umthwalo ungaphantsi kwemveliso ye-PV. La mandla akanakugcinwa kwi
Ibhetri, okanye ukuba igcinwe ayinakusetyenziswa yimithwalo njengoko sele igutyungelwe.
Inani lezi zinto zimbini ziguquguqukayo ziyafana nokuba ezinye iiparamitha ziyaguquka. Kuphela
kuxhomekeke
kwisikhundla se-PV esifakiweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umthwalo uza kuba ngu-0, i-PV iyonke
imveliso
iya kuboniswa njenge "amandla angafakwanga". Nokuba imeko yebhetri itshintsha,
kwaye
Ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo zilungisiwe, inani lezo paramitha ezimbini azitshintshi.
I-III) EMINYE IMPAHLA
Iipesenti iintsuku ngebhetri epheleleyo: Amandla e-PV engachithwanga ngumthwalo oya kwi
ibhetri, kwaye inokugcwala
Iipesenti zeepesenti ngebhetri engenanto: iintsuku xa ibhetri iphela ingenanto
(okt kwi
Ukunciphisa umda), njengoko inkqubo ye-PV ivelise amandla amancinci kunomthwalo
"Amandla aphakathi angafakwanga ngenxa yebhetri epheleleyo" ibonisa ukuba ingakanani amandla e-PV
ilahlekile
Kuba umthwalo ugutyungelwe kwaye ibhetri igcwele. Ngumlinganiso wawo onke amandla
ilahlekile ngaphezulu kwe
Ungcelele lwexesha elipheleleyo (e_lost_d) lahlulwe linani leentsuku zebhetri
ngokupheleleyo
ihlawulisiwe.
"Amandla aphakathi alahlekileyo" ngamandla alahlekileyo, ngengqondo enomthwalo
ayinakho
fezekiswa kwi-PV okanye ibhetri. Ngumlinganiso wamandla alahlekileyo
(Ukusetyenziswa-i-ed) kuzo zonke iintsuku ngexesha lokuqeshwa ngokwahlula inani leentsuku ibhetri
ingenanto ingenanto okokufikelela kumda we-SET.
iv) ukuba ubungakanani bebhetri bunyuswe kwaye yonke i
inkqubo
uhlala
okufanayo,
umndilili
Amandla elahlekileyo aya kuncipha njengoko ibhetri inokugcina amandla amaninzi anokusetyenziswa
kuba
i
imithwalo kamva. Nenqanaba eliqhelekileyo lamandla aphumlayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kubakho i
inqaku
Apho amaxabiso aqala ukuphakama. Njengoko ubungakanani bebhetri buyenyuka, ngakumbi i-PV
amandla
unakho
igcinwe kwaye isetyenziselwe imithwalo kodwa kuya kubakho iintsuku ezincinci xa ibhetri ifumana
ngokupheleleyo
ityala, ukwandisa ixabiso lomlinganiso “Amandla aphakathi angafakwanga”.
Ngendlela efanayo, apho
iya kuba, iyonke, amandla angaphantsi alahlekileyo, njengoko kunokubakho, kodwa
Pha
iya kuba linani elincinci
yeentsuku xa ibhetri ingenanto, ke amandla aphakathi alahlekileyo
inyuka.
v) Ukuze ukwazi ngokwenene ukuba ingakanani amandla anikezelwe yi
I-pv
Inkqubo yebhetri kwi
Imithwalo, umntu unokusebenzisa amaxabiso aphakathi aphakathi. Phinda ngamnye ngenani le
kwiintsuku ngaphakathi
Inyanga kunye nenani leminyaka (khumbula ukuqwalasela iminyaka yokutsiba!). Iyonke
imiboniso
Njani
Amandla amaninzi aya kumthwalo (ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ngebhetri). Enjalo
inkqubo
unakho
isetyenziselwe ukubala ukuba ingakanani amandla alahlekileyo, ukhathazekile ukuba
umndilili
amandla hayi
Ibanjiwe kwaye ilahlekile ibalwa ukuba ithathele ingqalelo inani leentsuku
Ibhetri ifumana
ngokupheleleyo
ihlawulisiwe okanye engenanto ngokulandelelana, hayi inani leentsuku.
vi) ngelixa le nkqubo ye-grid exhume i-griped Sysuse iphakamisa indawo engagqibekanga
ixabiso
Ngeelahleko zenkqubo
ye-14%, asinayo’t Nikeza loo nto iyaguquguquka njengegalelo labasebenzisi ukuba baguqule i
uqikelelo
yenkqubo yegridi. Kule meko, sisebenzisa ixabiso lomlinganiso wentsebenzo
i
iyonke
Inkqubo yegridi yegridi ye-0.67. Oku kunokuba noqikelelo lolondolozo, kodwa lwenzelwe
ukuya
kubandakanya
Ilahleko ukusuka kwintsebenzo yebhetri, i-inverter kunye nokuthambisa kwe
eyahlukileyo
izinto zenkqubo
I-7. Idatha ye-solar ye-solar yelanga
I-TAB ivumela umsebenzisi ukuba abe nabanombono kwaye bakhuphele idatha yenyanga ye-Solar ye-Solar ye-Solar kwaye
Iqondo lokushisa ngaphezulu kwexesha le-multiye.
Ukhetho lwegalelo kwi-radiation yenyanga yenyanga
Umsebenzisi kufuneka anyuse kuqala unyaka wokuqala kunye nokuphela kwemveliso. Ke kukho
a
Inani leendlela zokukhetha ukukhetha ukuba yeyiphi idatha yokubala
i-inradiation
Elixabiso liyimali yenyanga ye-solar yelanga ebeka itreyimitha enye ye-A
Indiza ethe tyaba, ilinganiswe kwi-kWh / m2.
i-inradiation
Elixabiso liyimali yenyanga yamandla elanga elibetha imitha enye yenqwelomoya
uhlala ejonge kwicala lelanga, elilinganiswe kwi-KWh / M2, kubandakanya kuphela i-radiation kuphela
Ukufika ngqo kwi-disc yelanga.
i-inradiation, ilungele
ikona
Elixabiso liyimali yenyanga yamandla elanga elibetha imitha enye yenqwelomoya
ejonge kwicala leekhweyitha, kwi-angle yotyekelo elinika olona titshala liphezulu
I-Irradiation, ilinganiswe kwi-kWh / m2.
I-Irradiation,
I-Angle ekhethiweyo
Elixabiso liyimali yenyanga yamandla elanga elibetha imitha enye yenqwelomoya
ejonge kwicala leekhweyitha, kwi-angle ekhethwe ngumsebenzisi, olinganiswe ngaphakathi
kwh / m2.
Kwihlabathi
imitha
Iqhezu elikhulu lemitha le radiation efikayo emhlabeni ayihambela ngqo ukusuka elangeni kodwa
Ngenxa yokusasazeka ukusuka emoyeni (isibhakabhaka esibhakabhaka) amafu kunye ne-haze. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-disteul
I-radiation.this inika iqhekeza le-radiation iyonke efikayo emhlabeni
ngenxa yokuphelisa imitha.
Imveliso ye-radiation yenyanga
Iziphumo zobalo lwe-radiation yenyanga ziboniswa kuphela njengegrafu, nangona i
Amaxabiso afakiweyo anokukhutshelwa kwi-CSV okanye kwifomathi yePDF.
Kukho kwiigrafu ezintathu ezahlukeneyo
ezibonisiweyo ngokunqakraza kumaqhosha:
Umsebenzisi unokucela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zemitha yelanga. Ezi ziya kuba
kubonisiwe ngaphakathi
igrafu efanayo. Umsebenzisi unokufihla ijika elinye okanye ngaphezulu kwigrafu ngokunqakraza kwi
iintsomi.
I-8. Idatha yeProfayili yemihla ngemihla
Esi sixhobo sivumela umsebenzisi ukuba abone kwaye ukhuphele iprofayili yemihla ngemihla yemitha kunye nomoya
Iqondo lokushisa ngenyanga enikiweyo. Iprofayile ibonisa ukuba ibonisa indlela i-solar radaiation (okanye iqondo lobushushu)
Utshintsho ukusuka kwiyure ukuya kwi-APR kwi-avareji.
Ukhetho lwegalelo kwi-radiation yemihla ngemihla ye-radiation tab
Umsebenzisi kufuneka akhethe inyanga ukubonisa. Kwisehlo senkonzo yewebhu yesi sixhobo
Ikwa
kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane zonke iinyanga ezili-12 ngomyalelo omnye.
Iziphumo zeprofayili yemihla ngemihla ziinqobo ezingama-24 zeeyure. Ezi zinokuboniswa
njenge
Umsebenzi wexesha kwixesha le-UTC okanye ngexesha lexesha lendawo. Qaphela ukuba ukukhanya kwendawo yendawo
ukugcina
ixesha alithathelwa ingqalelo.
Idatha enokuboniswa iwela kumacandelo amathathu:
I-IRradiance kwindiza emiselweyo kunye nolu khetho olufumana ihlabathi, ngqo, kunye nokulinganisa
i-IRradiance
Iiprofayili zemitha yelanga kwindiza eqingqiweyo, kunye nethambeka kunye ne-Azimuth
ngumsebenzisi.
Ukukhetha kwakhona ungayibona iprofayili ye-Irradiance ecacileyo
(Ixabiso lethiyori
kuba
I-Irradiance ngokungabikho kwamafu).
I-IRradiance kwindiza yokulandela ilanga kunye nolu khetho olufumana ihlabathi, ngqo, kwaye
iyagcuma
Iiprofayili ze-Irradiance kwimitha yelanga kwindiza ehlala ijongeka kwi
umkhombandlela
Ilanga (elingalinganiyo kwi-axis ezimbini-axis kumkhondo
I-PV Ukubala). Ukukhetha unako
Jonga kwakhona iprofayili ye-Irradiance ecacileyo
(ixabiso lethiyori le-Irradiance kwi
ukungabikho kwamafu).
Iqondo lobushushu Olu khetho lunika i-avareji yenyanga yeqondo lokushisa lomoya
kwiyure nganye
ngexesha lasemini.
Iziphumo ze-radiation yemihla ngemihla ye-radiation tab
Ithebhu ye-radiation yenyanga, umsebenzisi unokubona iziphumo njengegrafu, nangona i
iitafile
Amaxabiso anokukhutshelwa kwi-CSV, i-JSON okanye ngefomathi yePDF. Umsebenzisi ukhetha
phakathi kwesithathu
Iigrafu ngokunqakraza kumaqhosha afanelekileyo:
9. Iiyure zelanga zelanga kunye nedatha ye-PV
Idatha yemitha yelanga esetyenzisiweyo PVGIS 5.3 inexabiso elinye ngeyure nganye ngaphezulu
a
Ithuba leminyaka emininzi. Esi sixhobo sinika umsebenzisi ukufikelela kumxholo opheleleyo welanga
imitha
Idatha. Ukongeza, umsebenzisi unokucela ukubalwa kwemveliso ye-PV yamandla e-PV nganye
yure
ngexesha elikhethiweyo.
9.1 Iinketho kwi-radiation yeyure kunye ne-PV Ithebhu yamandla
Kukho izinto ezininzi ngokubala kwenkqubo ye-PV ye-PV ye-PV
njenge
kuhle
Njengoko izixhobo zokulandela umkhondo we-PV zenkqubo ye-PV. Kwisixhobo seyure kuyenzeka
khetha
phakathi
Indiza emiselweyo kunye nenkqubo enye yokulandela umkhondo. Kwindiza emiselweyo okanye i
Umkhondo we-Axis-Axis
i
ithambeka kufuneka inikezwe ngumsebenzisi okanye i-angle efanelekileyo
zinyulwe.
Ngaphandle kohlobo lokuphakama kunye nolwazi malunga nee-angles, umsebenzisi kufuneka
Khetha kuqala
kwaye kunyaka ophelileyo kwidatha yeyure.
Ngokuzenzekelayo lemveliso iqulathe i-Irbrariance yeHlabathi yeBloward. Nangona kunjalo, zimbini ezinye
Izinketho zemveliso yedatha:
Amandla e-PV ngolu khetho, kunye namandla enkqubo ye-PV ngohlobo olukhethiweyo lokulandela umkhondo
iya kubalwa. Kule meko, ulwazi malunga nenkqubo ye-PV kufuneka inikwe, kanye njengokuba
kuba
I-PV ye-PV exhume i-GV
Izinto zemitha ye-radiation ukuba olu khetho lukhethiwe, kunye ne-positive, i-ofting kunye nexabiso elibonisiweyo
Iinxalenye zemitha yelanga ziya kuphumeza.
Ezi ndlela zimbini zinokunyulwa kunye okanye ngokwahlukeneyo.
Imveliso ye-9.2 Imveliso ye-radiation ye-radiation kunye ne-PV yamandla e-PV
Ngokungafani nezinye izixhobo ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3, kwi-dayly day kukho kuphela ukhetho lwe
Ukukhuphela
Idatha kwi-CSV okanye kwifomathi ye-JSON. Oku kungenxa yexabiso elikhulu ledatha (ukuya kwi-16
iminyaka yeyure
amaxabiso), oko kuyakwenza ukuba kube nzima kwaye kunexesha ukubonisa idatha njenge
Iigrafu. Ifomathi
Ifayile yemveliso ichazwe apha.
9.3 Qaphela kwi PVGIS I-Timestamps Timestps
Ixabiso le-Irradiance iTim PVGIS-Sarah1 kwaye PVGIS-Sarah2
Iidatha zifunyenwe
Ukusuka ekuhlalutyeni imifanekiso evela kwiYurophu yaseYurophu
iisatellite. Nangona kunjalo, ezi
I-satellites ithatha ngaphezulu komfanekiso omnye ngeyure, sagqiba kwelokuba siye kuphela
Sebenzisa enye umfanekiso ngamnye ngeyure
kwaye ubonelele ngelishwa lexabiso lemfundo. Ke, ixabiso le-Irradiance
kubonelelwe ngaphakathi PVGIS 5.3 Ingaba i
I-Irradianeal Arradiaimal ngexesha elibonisiweyo
i
ixesha lexesha. Kwaye nangona senza
Ingcinga yokuba ixabiso le-neradianes
ndingayenza
ube lixabiso eliphakathi leyure, ngaphakathi
Inyani yi-Irradiance kuloo ngcaciso imfutshane.
Umzekelo, ukuba amaxabiso e-Irradiance akwi-HH: 10, imizuzu eli-10 yokulibaziseka kufikelelwa kwi
I-Satellite isetyenzisiwe kunye nendawo. I-Timestamp ye-Sarah i-Sararasets lixesha lokuba
isatellite “uyabona” Indawo ethile, ke i-Timestampp iya kutshintsha kunye ne
Indawo kunye
I-Satellite esetyenzisiweyo. Kwi-meteast prime satellites (esigubungela iYurophu naseAfrika ukuya
I-40deg East), idatha
yiza kwi-msg satellites kunye ne "yinyani" Ixesha liyahluka ukusuka
Imizuzu emi-5 edlulileyo iyure ngaphakathi
Emazantsi e-Afrika ukuya kwimizuzu eli-12 kumantla eYurophu. KwiMeteastat
Impuma yempuma, i "yinyani"
Ixesha liyahluka ukusuka kwimizuzu engama-20 ngaphambi kweyure ukuya
ngaphambi nje kweyure xa isuka
Emazantsi ukuya emantla. Kwindawo zaseMelika, i-NSRDB
Idatha, efunyenwe kwi
Iimodeli zesatellite, i-Timestamp yexesha elihlala ihleli
Hh: 00.
Kwidatha evela kwiimveliso ze-reanalysis (i-ERA5 kunye ne-COSMO), ngenxa yendlela eqikelelweyo ye-Irradiance yile
Ibaliwe, amaxabiso eeyure lixabiso eliphakathi le-Irradiance eqikelelweyo malunga nelo lixa.
I-ERA5 ibonelela ngexabiso le-HH: 30, igxile kwiyure, ngelixa i-cosmo ibonelela ngeyure
amaxabiso ekuqaleni kweyure nganye. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ngaphandle kwe-solar yemitha yelanga, njengama-ambie
Iqondo lobushushu okanye isantya somoya, sikwabizwa ngokuba ngamaxabiso aqhelekileyo.
Idatha yeyure usebenzisa i-oen ye PVGIS-Sunguls database, i-Timestamp yeyodwa
ye
Idatha yeRradiance kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, ezivela kwi-reanalysis, zixabiso
Iyahambelana nelo lixa.
I-10. Idatha yeMeteorological (ye-TMY)
Olu khetho luvumela umsebenzisi ukukhuphela iseti yedatha equlethe unyaka weMeteorological
(I-TMT) yedatha. Iseti yedatha ineenkcukacha zeyure kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
Umhla nexesha
I-Irradiancer ethe tyaba
I-Irradiance ethe ngqo
I-Irradiancer ethe tyaba
Uxinzelelo lomoya
Iqondo lokushisa le-bulb elomileyo (ubushushu be-2m)
Isantya somoya
Isalathiso somoya (i-degrees ngokusuka emantla)
Ubuntu bezizalwane
Ixesha elide-lave lidale imitha
Iseti yedatha iveliswe ngokukhetha inyanga nganye yeyona "eqhelekileyo" inyanga ngaphandle
ye
Ixesha elipheleleyo lifumaneka, umzekelo, iminyaka eli-16 (2005 ukuya ku-2000) PVGIS-Sarah2.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo zisetyenziselwa
Khetha inyanga eqhelekileyo yi-jikelele ye-jikelele, umoya
Iqondo lokushisa, kunye nokufumaniswa.
I-10.1 ukhetho kwi-TMI kwi-TMI Tab
Isixhobo se-TMY sinokhetho olunye, oluyi-Isradiation yelanga kunye nexesha elihambelanayo
IXesha elisetyenziselwa ukubala i-TMI.
Iinketho zemveliso kwi-TMI Tab
Kuyenzeka ukuba ubonise enye yamasimi e-TMY njengegrafu, ngokukhetha intsimi efanelekileyo
ngaphakathi
Imenyu eyehlayo kwaye icofe kwi "Jonga".
Zintathu iindlela zokuphuma ezikhoyo: Ifomati ye-CSV ye-CSV, ifomathi ye-JSON kunye ne-EPW
(I-abluspris yemozulu) ifomathi efanelekileyo kwisoftware esetyenziswayo esetyenziselwa ukwakha amandla
ukubala kwentsebenzo. Le fomati yokugqibela ikwiiteknoloji ye-CSV kodwa yaziwa njengefomathi ye-EPW
(ulwandiso lwefayile .Epw).
Malunga namaxesha eefayile ze-TME, nceda uqaphele
Kwi-.csv kunye ne-.jsson iifayile, i-Timestamp ye-HH: 00, kodwa zinika ingxelo ixabiso elihambelana ne
PVGIS-Sarah (hh: mm) okanye i-AP5 (HH: 30) I-Timesmes
Kwiifayile ze-.ee, ifomathi ifuna ukuba umahluko ngamnye uxelwe njengexabiso
Iyahambelana nenani ngexesha leyure edlulileyo ixesha elibonisiweyo. I PVGIS
.ee
Uchungechunge lwedatha luqala ngo-01: 00, kodwa uxele amaxabiso afanayo
I-.csv kunye ne-.jsson iifayile kwi
00:00.
Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nefomathi yedatha yemveliso ifumaneka apha.