Kulakwitsa kovuta # 1: Kuyeretsa mapanelo oundana ndi madzi ozizira
Tsoka lamphamvu
Cholakwika chowononga kwambiri: Kuyeretsa mapanelo pamwamba pa 104°F ndi madzi ozizira amapanga nkhanza Kugwedeza kwamafuta komwe kungakhale kopunthpa pang'ono galasi lokhazikika.
Nkhani yolembedwa - 85 kw kukhazikitsa, Phoenix (Julayi 2023):
- Kutentha kwapamwamba: 154°F (kutentha mafunde)
- Kuyeretsa kutentha kwamadzi: 59°F
- Zotsatira:11 mapanelo adasowa mkati mwa mphindi 20
- Mtengo Wowonongeka:$ 9,200 (Chitsimikizo chidasokonekera)
- Kuchepa Kopanga:-3,400 kwh / chaka
Njira Yowonongedwe adalongosola
Magalasi otenthetsa mu solar panels ali ndi nkhawa yochepa kwambiri:
- Kukula kwabwinobwino:Mainchesi 04 a 6.5-phazi pa 150°F
- Kuphatikizidwa Mwadzidzidzi:-0.08 mainchesi pakuzizira msanga
- Malire Okana:72°F mosiyana
- Kuphwanya:Kugwedezeka kwa mafuta >80°F = zotsimikizika ma microcracks
Otetezeka Mawindo:
- M'mawa:6-9:9:00 kutentha <85°F)
- Madzulo:6-9 pm (nthawi yachilengedwe yozizira)
- Osayeretsa:10 am-5 pm m'masiku otentha
Kupewa ndi kuwonongeka
Kuzindikira kwa Microcrack koyambirira:
- Kuyendera kwamawonekedwe ndi kuwala kotsika
- Mayeso amagetsi: Magetsi dontho >5% pagawo lililonse
- Kupanga kwamafuta kumawululira malo otentha
Ngati ming'alu yapezeka:
- Nthawi yomweyo imasula gulu lokhudzidwa
- Chikalata chojambulidwa mwatsatanetsatane
- Inshuwaransi yolumikizana mkati mwa maola 48
- Osapitiliza kugwira ntchito(chiopsezo cha moto)
Master Over Testiques yoyenerera ndi yathu akatswiri aluso londolera kuphatikiza ma protocols.
Kulakwitsa kovuta # 2: Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ankhanza ndi oyeretsa nyumba
Zowonongeka zosasinthika
Zinthu zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika:
- Gulogalamu yayikuluAkuukira mafelemu a aluminin (kuwononga m'miyezi 6)
- Kuchotsa Macitil Acids:Imasungunuka polymemer
- Masuthi a Mafakitale:Imawononga zovala zodziwika bwino (-15% zowonjezera zowonjezera)
- Makambi Abus:Zingwe za microscopic zomwe zimakopera uve
Phunziro la akatswiri - Mankhwala
7.5 Kukhazikitsa kwa KW, California Central Valley (Ogasiti 2023):
- Zogulitsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: Chimbudzi cha chimbudzi (23% hydrochloric acid)
- Nthawi Yowonekera: Mphindi 50
- Zowonongeka:
- Malizitsani aluminium chimango
- Chikumbutso cha nyengo
- Kulowa m'madzi mu 9 mapanelo
- Kupanga kotsutsa kuwonongedwa pa 100% malo
Mtengo wosinthira: $ 14,800 (inshuwaransi yomwe idakanidwa - kutsimikiziridwa)
Zowonongeka zamankhwala
Acid kuukira pa mafelemu a aluminium:
2Lal + 6hcl → 2Alcl₃ + 3h₂ (Corrosion)
Kuwonongeka kwa Polymer:
- Eva (ethyl vinyl acetate): hydrolysis kuchokera kumabala olimba
- TPU (pollurethane): kutupa ndi kusungunuka kuchokera ku ma sol sol
- Silicones: deolymerization kuchokera ku asidi wokhazikika
Zopangidwa zoyeretsa zokha
Ph-Unitgents zofiirira (6.5-7.5) Wotsimikiziridwa wa dzuwa:
- Ultra-sopo wofatsa (supuni 1 pa supuni 2.5 ma galoni)
- Oyeretsa ma solane apadera
- Osati Ammonia, bulichi, kapena acids
Kuyezetsa koyenera:
- Lemberani kudera lobisika
- Yembekezani maola 24 musanafike
- Onetsetsani kuti mulibe chosakanizira kapena zizindikiro za kuwononga
Kulakwitsa kovuta # 3: Kupanikizika kwamadzi kwambiri ndi kutsitsi latsala
Chiwonongeko chosaoneka
Mavuto owopsa: >Psisi pang'onopang'ono zimawononga zisindikizo za nyengo, kulola Kupha chinyezi cholowa m'malo mwa magetsi.
Phunziro Lowonongeka - Kukakamizidwa Kuchita Zinthu:
12 kw, texas (Marichi 2023):
- Kupanikizika Kogwiritsidwa Ntchito: 1,740 PSI (SUSUERER SHLIY)
- Spray angle: Pafupifupi
- Kuwonongeka Kwapang'onopang'ono Nthawi:
- Sabata 1: Kuyambira koyambira (osawoneka)
- Mwezi 2: Kukongoletsa kwamkati
- Mwezi 4: Mabwalo afupi ndi zolephera
- Mtengo wolowa m'malo:$ 22,100
Makina osokoneza bongo
Asitikali otanganidwa ndi kusamba kovuta:
- 50ssi:Mapaundi 7,200 pamunsi pa sella
- Chisindikizo:3,600 psi yeniyeni
- Zotsatira:Kuwonongeka kwamuyaya + micro-kutayikira
Zotsatira Zam'madzi Kudzigwetsa Madzi:
- Electrochemical kutulutsidwa kolumikizana
- Mabwalo afupiafupi m'mabokosi a Junction
- EVA Spenapsulant Dellamination
- Kutayika kwa magetsi (zoopsa)
Protocol yotetezeka
Zofunikira zaukadaulo:
- Kupanikizika Kwambiri:30 psi (njira yopopera)
- Mtunda wochepera:Mainchesi 20 ochokera pansi
- Ngodya yabwino:45° Popewa kulowa m'mbuyo
- Kuyendetsedwa:Ma galloni 5 pamlingo
Zida zolimbikitsidwa:
- Othamanga otsika kwambiri
- Mitundu yambiri yosinthika
- Kupsinjika kwa gauge kuti muwunikire
Kulakwitsa kovuta # 4: Zida Zosiyanasiyana ndi Kukongoletsa Zachitsulo
Chiwopsezo cha Microscopic
Zipangizo zoletsedwa zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwamuyaya:
- Ubweya wachitsulo:SAMATO 0.004-0.02 mainchesi kuya (kosasinthika)
- Zitsulo Zazitsulo:Kuwonongeka kwakomweko kwa galasi lotsutsa
- BruffKupita patsogolo kwa Abrasion of Tenga
- Masiponji aMicro-shack shack ntchentcheyo
Kusanthula Kwakuwonongeka kwa Microscopic
Zinandikhudza kwambiri (Phunziro la Labotato):
- Kukundani <Mainchesi 0,004:-2.8% Mwachangu pagawo lakhudzidwa
- SANTHA 0,004-0.02 mainchesi:-9.3% Mwachangu +
- Kukundani >Mainchesi 0.02:-16.7% Mwachangu + Wosakatula Limodzi
Mlandu Wovuta - Mbalame Kuchotsa: 18 Kukhazikitsa kwa Apw, Florida (Meyi 2023):
- Chida Chogwiritsidwa Ntchito: Chitsulo Chachitsulo
- Dera lomwe limachitika: 45% ya onse
- Kuyesa Zowonongeka:
- 1,247 ziphuphu zomwe zalembedwa
- Kukwanira koyenera kwa dongosolo: -14.1% Kukhazikitsa kwathunthu
- Kuwonongeka kwakukulu
- Katundu Wamtengo Wapamwamba:- $ 11,400 (Lipoti la Kuyeserera)
Njira Zotetezedwa Zotetezera
Kwa okhazikika okhazikika (zitoto, zopota, mtengo wa mtengo):
- Kukweza:Madzi ofunda 25+
- Cheften:10% yoyera videga
- Kuchotsa modekha:Scal pulasitiki yofewa yokha
- Kutsuka mwachangu:Pewani kuwonongeka kwa asidi
Zida Zovomerezeka:
- Zotupa zofewa
- Kuterera kwa Profeser
- Nsalu zosawoneka bwino
- Omwe amadula pulasitiki
Kulakwitsa kovuta # 5: kusasamala kwamagetsi
Ngozi yobisika
Ma elekitirol Over-Failtor - Mlandu weniweni: Mwininyumba, Colorado (September 2023):
- Kuyeretsa pansi pa mphamvu (kachitidweko sikunayikidwe)
- Kulowa m'madzi mu bokosi la Juniction
- Kuyeza magetsi pazitsulo:428v DC
- Kudzidzimuka kwamagetsi:6-phazi-phazi, buldictikiti
- Chipatala:Masiku 12, kuwonongeka kwa dzanja lamanja
Zoopsa Zazitsulo Zazitsulo
Mphamvu zowopsa zowopsa:
- Mapanelo amodzi:35-50v DC (zowopsa mukanyowa)
- Zingwe za Panel:350-1,000v DC (mwina zoopsa)
- Mphesa Zolakwika Zapansi:Kukula ndi Madzi
Kulephera kovuta:
- Kulowetsedwa kwamadzi + DC Vorusege = Electrolysis
- Kutulutsa kolumikiza
- Zithunzi Zosasinthika
- Zowopsa zamoto zamagetsi
Protocol yovomerezeka
Njira Yokhumudwitsa (Yofunika):
- Mauna Acts:Dulani Mphamvu Yosasinthika
- DC Sluennect Switch:Zotsekemera zopepuka
- Nthawi Yodikirira:Mphindi 10 zochepa (zotulukapo za Captacitor)
- Chitsimikiziro cha mafuta:1000v dc udc mayeso
- Zida Zanu Zoteteza:1000v magolovesi a 1000v
Macheke oyeretsa pambuyo pake:
- Mayeso okana kukana (>1 mΩ)
- Junction Box Weadeprooung
- Tsegulani Magetsi
- Makina oyambirandi zingwe za aliyense payekhapayekha
Kulakwitsa kovuta # 6: nyengo yoyipa yoyeretsa
Kupusitsa kwa mwayi wa nyengo
Zowopsa zowopsa zomwe zimachepetsedwa:
Mphepo Zapamwamba (>15 mph)
Ngozi yamphamvu yapafupi - chochitika chenicheni: Oyeretsani akatswiri, Nevada (October 2023):
- Kuthamanga kwa mphepo: 28 mph kusungidwa (ma gusts mpaka 42 mph)
- Kutalika: Mapazi 26 (okhazikika padenga)
- Chochitika:Mtengo wa Telescoping unkakhala wopanda pake "wa sitima"
- Zotsatira:Kuchepetsa thupi + 10-phazi lotsika pansi
- Kuvulala:Wowombera Wowonongeka, Zojambula Zambiri
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphepo:
- Zovala 20 zowonjezera = mapaundi 26
- 28 mph Wind = 68 mapaundi atatu ofanana nawo
- Kusokonekera kwamphamvupamalo otsetsereka
Kuzizira ndi mandiwa m'mawa
Msampha Wosawoneka:
- Mapanelo olipiritsa (-1°Kutentha kutentha)
- Kutsuka Madzi (+59°F)
- Kugwedezeka kwa mafuta:60°F nthawi yomweyo
- Zotsatira:Ma Microcracks + aluminium alumini
Kuyandikira mabingu
Mphezi Zopanda malire:
- Ma elar panels = oyendetsa magetsi owonjezera
- Chinyontho chotsalira = Kukula
- Ngozi zowopsaNgakhale ndi mvula yamakilomita 6+ kutali
Nyengo yotetezeka Windows
Malo Ofunika Kuyeretsa:
- Mphepo:<12 mph ukhazikika, <20 mph
- Kutentha:45°F mpaka 95°F khola
- Chinyezi:<80% (imalepheretsa kuvomerezedwa)
- Mabingu:Palibe muyezo wa mile 10-mmalo
- Kuwoneka:>Mikono 1,000 (palibe mikonzi)
Kulakwitsa kovuta # 7: Kunyalanyaza zizindikiro zowononga
Zowonongeka zikuchulukirachulukira
Zizindikiro zodzitchinjiriza:
"Microcracks"
Zolemba zolembedwa:
- Mwezi 1:Tsitsani tsitsi 0,8 mainchesi (kunyalanyazidwa)
- Mwezi 6:Kuchulukitsa mpaka 3.2 mainchesi + kuyambiranso
- Mwezi 12:Kufalitsa kwathunthu
- Mwezi 18:Kuwonongeka kwa Ovomerezeka +
- Mtengo Womaliza:$ 3,200 (oyambira $ 240 koyambirira)
Kusintha Zinthu
Kusanthula kwa akatswiri - Cell Browning: Kukhazikitsa kwa KW KW, North Carolina (2024 Kuzindikira):
- Zizindikiro zoyambirira zidanyalanyazidwa kwa miyezi 16
- Kukula Kwambiri:
- Mwezi 3: Chuma Chowala
- Mwezi 9: Kuchulukitsa mpaka 30% pafoni
- Mwezi 16: kuwonongeka kwakukulu +
- Kutayika Kwakest:-26% yonse
- Kukakamizidwa m'malo:$ 13,800
"Pamwamba" chimango
Njira zowononga mathamangitsidwe:
- Kuyamba Kwakalezi:Kanema woteteza
- Kulowa kwa Chinyontho:Kutumphuka kwamkati kwamkati
- Zofooka:Kuwonongeka Pakupsinjika
- Chisindikizo cha Chisindikizo:Kulowetsedwa kwamadzi
- Dongosolo Lamphamvu Kwambiri:Kusintha kokwanira
Protocol yoletsa
Kuyeserera kovomerezeka (pafupipafupi):
- Mwezi uliwonse:Kafukufuku wowoneka bwino
- Mota:Tsekani Kuyendera Otetezedwa
- Semi-pachaka:Malizitsani kuyesa kwamagetsi
- Chaka chilichonse:Akatswiri okwanira kuzindikira
Zoyambitsa mwadzidzidzi:
- Kuwoneka >Mainchesi 0,4
- Kusokonekera kwa cell >2 mainchesi
- Chimango chimakhala chopondera pansi
- Kupanga dontho >8% pagawo lililonse
Khalani ndi kuwunikira kwanu PVGIS24 chowelengera kuphatikiza 20 kulephera koyambirira.
Zotsatira za Zachuma Zolakwika
Zovuta Zakupanga
Kupatula mwadongosolo:
- Kusamalira kunyalanyaza:Zolemba Zazikulu Zakale (Zaka 20-25)
- Zowonongeka zodzivulaza:Kutsimikizira Kutsimikizika Kupeza
- Protocol kuphwanya:Kuthandizira Kutsutsa
- Mtengo wotayika:$ 10,000 mpaka $ 30,000
Dothi lanyumba lanyumba
Zopindulitsa wamba:
- "Kulephera Kwabwino"
- "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pulogalamu Yosagwirizana"
- "Kulephera kutsatira malamulo oyambira"
- Zonena zokana:68% ya milandu mu 2023 Views
Kuchepetsa kwapanyumba
Exaster Exarm (Datanisal Data):
- Kuyika kwalephera: - $ 18,000
- Zilema zowoneka bwino: - $ 12,000
- Chiwopsezo cha Chitetezo: - $ 35,000 (katundu wosagawika)
Zotsatira zobwezeretsa
Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Pambuyo Olakwika
Njira Zowunikira zaluso:
- Kulingalira:Kupezeka kwa malo otentha
- Kuyesa kwamagetsi:Kutalikirana + Kukhazikika
- Kuyendera:Umphumphuwo + ukuwunikanso nyengo
- Kusanthula pachuma:Konzani vs kusinthasintha
Kubwezeretsa Njira
Kukonzanso Zowonongeka (kulowererapo mkati mwa maola 48):
- Microcracks yapamwamba: jakisoni wapadera
- Pamwamba kwambiri: chithandizo chotsutsa
- Zisindikizo Zalephera: Kusintha kwa nyengo
- Mtengo wapakati:$ 280- $ 950 pagawo limodzi
Kuwonongeka kosasintha (kovomerezeka):
- Kudutsa galasi
- Chiwonongeko chotsutsa
- Otsogola
- Mabwalo amkati
- Mtengo wapakati:$ 480- $ 780 pa gulu latsopano
Konzekerani kukonzanso kwathu Kukhazikitsidwa ndondomeko kupewa zolakwazi.
Kupewa ndi machitidwe abwino
Maphunziro ovomerezeka
Osachepera Othandizira:
- Chitetezo cha magetsi oyendetsa ndege (Chizindikiro cha Nabcepp chikulimbikitsidwa)
- Kutetezedwa ndi ntchito yokwera
- Zowongolera zamankhwala
- Maphunziro Oyambirira Oyambirira / CPR
Zida zaukadaulo
Kusunga chitetezo (mtengo-kumayandikira):
- Lembani PPE: $ 425
- Zida Zotsimikizika: $ 340
- Kuvomerezedwa: $ 145
- Maphunziro oyamba: $ 550
- Kugulitsa kwathunthu:$ 1,460
Kuwerengera Ridict Roi:
- Kuletsa cholakwika chimodzi = $ 5,000- $ 30,000 adapulumutsidwa
- Kubweza ndalama: + 2,000% Yocheperako
Njira zopewera
Yambirani magwiridwe antchito athu:
- Solar ndalama wamba:Kulakwa kusanthula kwa mitengo
- PVGIS 5.3:Chachilendo Kuzindikira kuwonongeka
- Zolemba zaukadaulo:Mwatsatanelera protocols chitetezo
- Kukonza faq:Wakomoni Mavuto Ovuta
Kutsiliza: Kupewa kumapulumutsa madola masauzande ambiri
The 7 Zolakwika Zoyipa Zakumapeto Zakumapeto Pachimodzi pachaka ku United States:
- 1,247 anawononga(Inshuwaransi 2023)
- $ 47,2 miliyoniZowonongeka mwachindunji
- 203 NgoziKufuna Kupita kuchipatala
- 3,156Chifukwa cha kusasamala
Kuletsa Kugulitsa ($ 1,460) Amateteza:
- Dongosolo lanu la dzuwa ($ 10,000- $ 30,000)
- Zopanga Zopanga ($ 10,000- $ 30,000)
- Chitetezo chamunthu (chopanda pake)
- Mtengo wa katundu ($ 18,000- $ 35,000)
Kuphunzitsidwa Ntchito ndi Chitetezo kuyimira inshuwaransi yopindulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa dzuwa.
Chovuta cha Faq: Kupewera zolakwa zakupha
Kodi ndingayeretse bwino ma utonje?
Inde, koma ndi kutsatira kwamphamvu kwa ma protocols onse 7 achitetezo. Zofunikira kwambiri nyengo zofunika. Kukayika kulikonse = katswiri wotsimikizika kokha.
Kodi ndimapeza bwanji zinthu zoyeretsa zowopsa?
Pewani chilichonse chomwe chili ndi: ma acid (hcl, h2SO4), mabasi olimba (yu, ammonia), ma acetone, mizimu yamchere), Abrasies. Zogulitsa za PH 6.5-7 zokha.5 zotsimikizika za dzuwa kapena sopo wa ultra-wofatsa.
Kodi Ndingatani Ngati Ndapanga Imodzi mwa Zolakwa Izi?
Tsekani dongosolo la ma systemy, magetsi opanga magetsi, zithunzi zowonongeka, kulumikizana ndi inshuwaransi mkati mwa maola 48, Matenda aluso aluso. Palibe kuyesa kukonza = kuwonongeka kotsimikizika.
Kodi ma microcracks owopsa?
Kwambiri. Kufalikira Kwake + Kusungunulidwa kwamadzi + mabwalo afupiafupi +. Palibe ma vicracrack ndi "Zosatheka." Ntchito yochita ntchito yofunikira mkati mwa maola 48.
Kodi inshuwaransi yanga imaphimba zolakwitsa?
Kawirikawiri. 68% ya zonena adakana "kunyalanyaza." Yankho lokha: kupewa kapena katswiri inshuwaransi ya ngongole yotsimikizika kutsimikizika.
Kodi ndingayang'anire bwanji mapanelo anga atapanga cholakwika?
Mayeso a muyezo woyenera kukana (>1mΩ) Kuwala kochepa pang'ono, kofananira. Kukayikira kulikonse = Kuzindikira kwa akatswiri ofunikira.