7 Amaphutha Abucayi Ukuhlanza Amaphutha Okubhubhisa Izinhlelo Ne-Vovice Aranties

Iphutha elibucayi # 1: Ukuhlanza Amaphaneli Anqunyelwe Ngamanzi Okubandayo

Inhlekelele eshaqisayo

Iphutha elibhubhisayo kakhulu: Ukuhlanza amaphaneli ngaphezulu kwe-104°F ngamanzi abandayo kwakha ngonya Ukushaqeka okushisayo okungase kusheshe kusheshe kube nezindiza ezifuywayo.

Icala elibhaliwe - 8.5 kw ukufakwa, iPhoenix (Julayi 2023):

• Ukushisa okungaphezulu kwephaneli: 154°F (igagasi lokushisa)
• Ukuhlanza izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 59°E f
• Umphumela:Amaphaneli ayi-11 aqhekeke kungakapheli imizuzu engama-20
• Izindleko zomonakalo:$ 9,200 (Iwaranti Yenziwe)
• Ukulahleka Kwezokukhiqiza:-3,400 kWh / unyaka

Kuchazwa indlela yokubhubula

Ingilazi enomsindo kumaphaneli elanga anokubekezelela ukubekezelela okushisayo okulinganiselwe:

• Ukunwetshwa okujwayelekile:Ama-intshi angama-04 ngephaneli le-6.5-foote ku-150°E f
• Ukuthengiswa okungazelelwe:-0.08 inches ngesikhathi sokupholisa okusheshayo
• Umkhawulo wokumelana:72°F Okuhlukile
• Iphuzu lokuphuka:Ukwethuka kwe-thermal >I-80°F = Ama-microracks aqinisekisiwe

Amafasitela okushisa aphephile:

• Ekuseni kakhulu:I-6-9 AM (lokushisa lephaneli <85°F)
• Kusihlwa:I-6-9 pm (isikhathi sokupholisa semvelo)
• Ungalokothi uhlanze:I-10 AM-5 PM ngesikhathi sezinsuku ezishisayo

Ukuvimbela Ukuvimbela Nokulimala

Ukutholwa kwe-microcack yokuqala:

• Ukuhlolwa okubukwayo nokukhanya kwelanga okuphansi
• Ukuhlolwa kukagesi: Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi >I-5% ngephaneli ngayinye
• Ukucabanga okushisayo kwembula izindawo ezishisayo

Uma imifantu itholakele:

1. Ngokushesha ukuhlukanisa iphaneli ethintekile
2. Idokhumenti enezithombe ezinemininingwane
3. Umshuwalense wokuxhumana kungakapheli amahora angama-48
4. Ungalokothi uqhubeke nokusebenza(Ubungozi Bamangozi Obunzima)

Amasu wokuhlanza aphephile nge-yethu Isinyathelo se-Professional Step-By-step khapha kufaka phakathi izivumelwano zokushisa.

Iphutha elibucayi # 2: Kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali anokhahlo nezihlanza zasendlini

Ukulimala kwamakhemikhali okungaphenduki

Imikhiqizo enobuthi esetshenziswa ngephutha:

• I-Bleach Ehlanganisiwe:Ukuhlasela amafreyimu we-aluminium (ukugqwala ezinyangeni ezi-6)
• I-Lime Removal acid:Hlamba izimbotshana ze-polymer sezulu
• Izixazululo Zomsebenzi:Ukubhubhisa ukumbona okubonisa ukukhombisa (-15% ukulahleka kokusebenza okuphakade)
• AfvocateImidwebo emicroscopic edonsa ukungcola unomphela

Isifundo Sesango Sokufunda - Inhlekelele yamakhemikhali

7.5 KW ukufakwa, California Central Valley (Agasti 2023):

• Umkhiqizo osetshenzisiwe: Isihlanza se-Showl Cleaner (23% hydrochloric acid)
• Isikhathi sokuvezwa: imizuzu engama-50
• Ukulimala okubhaliwe:
  • QAPHELA I-Aluminium Frame Trilosion
  • Isimo sezulu se-Weatherroof Seal Disolution
  • Ukufakwa emanzini emanzini amaphaneli ayi-9
  • Ukuhlanganiswa okubonisa ukumbozwa kubhujiswe endaweni engaphezulu kwe-100%

Izindleko zokubuyiselwa emuva: $ 14,800 (umshuwalense wenqatshelwe - ukuqinisekiswa okufakazelwe)

Ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali okubhubhisayo

Ukuhlasela kwe-acid kumafreyimu we-aluminium:

2 + 6hcl → 2lcl₃ + 3h₂ (ukugqwala okungaphenduki)

Ukuwohloka kwe-Polymer Seal Dealcution:

• U-Eva (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate): I-Hydrolysis evela ezisekelweni eziqinile
• I-TPU (polyurethane): ukuvuvukala kanye nokuchithwa kusuka ku-solvents
• Ama-Silicones: Decolmerization kusuka kuma-acid ahlanganisiwe

Imikhiqizo yokuhlanza evunyiwe kuphela

I-PH-NOUTRAL DETGENTERS (6.5-7.5) Iqinisekiswe nge-solar:

• Isopha ye-Ultra-mnene emnene (1 isipuni ngamanzi amalitha ayi-2,5)
• Abahlanzayo be-solar panlol ekhethekile
• Never ammonia, bleach, noma ama-acids

Ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana okuphoqelekile:

• Faka isicelo endaweni ekhoneni elifihlekile kuqala
• Linda amahora angama-24 ngaphambi kwesicelo esigcwele
• Qinisekisa ukuthi azikho izimpawu zokugxolisa noma zokugqwala

Iphutha elibucayi # 3: Ukucindezela kwamanzi ngokweqile kanye nesifutho esiqondile

Ukubhujiswa Okungabonakali Kwemishini

Umkhawulo wengcindezi ebucayi: >40 I-PSI IQHAFAZA NGOKUGCINA IZIMPAWU ZE-Weatherroof, Ukuvumela Ukufa okubulalayo komswakama ezingxenyeni zikagesi.

Isifundo Sokulimala - Ingcindezelo Yesigameko Saser:

Ukufakwa okungu-12 KW, Texas (Mashi 2023):

• Ingcindezi esetshenzisiwe: 1,740 PSI (Washer Sokucindezela Kwabathengi)
• I-Spray Angle: Qondisa Umthelela we-Perpendicular
• Umugqa wesikhathi sokulimazayo:
  • Isonto 1: Ukuqala Ukungenela (Okungabonakali)
  • Inyanga 2: Ukugqwala kwangaphakathi kokuxhumeka
  • Inyanga 4: Imibuthano emifushane nokwehluleka kohlelo
  • Izindleko eziphelele zokubuyiselwa kwemali:$ 22,100

Izindlela zokulimala kwengcindezi ephezulu

Amabutho anikezwe ukugeza ingcindezi:

• 50 Ingcindezi ye-PSI:Amakhilogremu angama-7,200 ngonyawo lwesikwele ezimpambeni
• Ukumelana Seal:Isilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-3,600 PSI
• Umphumela:Ukuguquguquka okungapheli + ukuvuza okuncane

Imiphumela yokungena emanzini:

• I-Electrochemical Corlosion yokuxhuma
• Imibuthano emifushane emabhokisini emijondolo
• I-EVA Encapsulant Delamination
• Ukulahleka Kwe-Electrical Iolation (Ubungozi Obulalayo)

Iphrothokholi Yengcindezelo Ephephile

Amapharamitha wezobuchwepheshe okuphoqelekile:

• Ingcindezi enkulu:I-30 PSI (iphethini yokufafaza ebanzi)
• Ibanga elincane:Amasentimitha angama-20 ukusuka ebusweni
• I-angle efanelekile:45° Ukuvimbela ukungena kwe-seal
• Ukugeleza okulawulwayo:Ama-gallons ama-5 ngomzuzu

Imishini Enconyiwe:

• Isifutho sengcindezi ephansi enomlawuli wengcindezi
• Ama-nozzle amaningi aguqukayo aguqukayo
• Ingcindezi gauge yokuqapha

Iphutha elibucayi # 4: Amathuluzi Abrasive kanye nokuklabha insimbi

Inhlekelele Yesimo Scradophe

Izinto ezivinjelwe ezibangela ukulimala okungapheli:

• Uboya bensimbi:Shrakeres 0.004-0.02 inches deep (akunakwenzeka)
• Izikebhe zensimbi:Ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo kwengilazi elwa nokukhombisa
• Amabhulashi aqinile:Ukuqhakaza okuqhubekayo kokuzivikela
• Isiponji esivelayo:Ukuhlikihla amancanyana aphansi ngokuphelele

Ukuhlaziywa Komonakalo Kwe-Microscopic

Umthelela wokuqala ekusebenzeni kahle (isifundo selebhu):

• Ukuklubula <0.004 inches:-2.8% ukusebenza kahle iphaneli ethintekile
• Shrakeres 0.004-0.02 inches:-9.3% Ukusebenza kahle + Ukuqongelela okungcolile okusheshayo
• Ukuklubula >0.02 inches:-16.7% Ukusebenza Kokusebenza + Ingozi yokusakazeka

Icala elibucayi - Ukususwa Kwezinyoni: Ukufakwa okungu-18 KW, Florida (Meyi 2023):

• Ithuluzi elisetshenzisiwe: I-Metal Paint Scraper
• Indawo iphathwe: 45% yenani eliphelele
• Ukuhlolwa komonakalo:
  • I-1,247 imidwebo ebhaliwe
  • Ukulahleka Kokusebenza Kwesistimu: -14.1% Ukufakwa konke
  • Ukuwohloka okukhulu kobuhle
• Umthelela wenani lempahla:- $ 11,400 (Umbiko We-Appraisal)

Amasu okuphepha okuphepha

Okwezinsalela ze-organic ezinamahloni (ama-droppings, i-sop yesihlahla):

1. Ukunwebeka okungeziwe:Amanzi afudumele imizuzu engama-25 +
2. Ukuswayipha kwamakhemikhali:I-10% umviniga omhlophe dilution
3. Ukususwa Ngomusa:Isikebhe esithambile sepulasitiki kuphela
4. Ukuhlanza ngokushesha:Vikela ukulimala kwe-acid eyakhayo

Amathuluzi avunyiwe kuphela:

• Amabhulashi athambile wefayisha
• Ama-squeeses werabha asemthethweni
• Izindwangu ze-Microfiber ezingenamthungo
• Izikebhe zepulasitiki ezingasikeki

Iphutha elibucayi # 5: Ubudedengu Wokuphepha Ngogesi

Ingozi efihliwe efile

Eduze ne-Electrocution edumile - icala langempela: Umnini khaya, uColorado (Septhemba 2023):

• Ukuhlanza ngaphansi kwamandla (uhlelo alunqanyuliwe)
• Ukungena emanzini kubhokisi lokungena
• Ulinganise i-voltage ngohlaka lwensimbi:I-428v dc
• Ukushaqeka kukagesi:Ukuqagela kwezinyawo ezi-6, Ukushiswa Kweziqu Zesibili
• Ukulaliswa esibhedlela:Izinsuku eziyi-12, ukulimazeka okuhlala njalo kwesokudla

Izingozi Zikagesi Ezikhethekile Zonyawo

Ama-voltage anobungozi akhona:

• Amaphaneli ngamanye:I-35-50v DC (iyingozi lapho imanzi)
• Izintambo zephaneli:I-350-1,000V DC (Okungahle Kuyingozi)
• Imisinga yephutha eliphansi:Kukhuliswe ngokusebenza kwamanzi

Ukwehluleka okubucayi kodwa:

• I-WAMENILTRATION + DC voltage = i-electrolysis ebhubhisayo
• Ukuvuselela ukuxhumeka okusheshayo
• Imibuthano emifushane engalindelekile
• Izingozi Zomlilo Kagesi

Iphrothokholi Yokuphepha Egunyaziwe

Inqubo yokunqamulela (i-oda elidingekayo):

1. I-Main AC Breaker:Sika amandla we-inverter-side
2. I-DC Disconnect switch:Ukuhlukanisa izintambo zephaneli
3. Isikhathi sokulinda ukuphepha:Imizuzu eyi-10 ubuncane (ukukhishwa kweCapacitor)
4. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Voltage:Ukuhlolwa kwe-1000V DC Multimeter Test
5. Okokusebenza komuntu okuvikelayo:I-1000V Insured Gloves + Izicathulo zokuphepha

Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kokuhlanza:

• Ukuhlolwa kokumelana nokuhlukaniswa (>1 mΩIsihlehlukene
• Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-junction Box sezulu
• Vula izilinganiso ze-voltage voltage
• Ukuqala kabusha kwesistimu kancanengezintambo ngazinye

Iphutha elibucayi # 6: Ukuhlanza isimo sezulu esiyingozi

Inkohliso yethuba lesimo sezulu

Izimo ezinobungozi ezikhohlisayo zivame ukungabukelwa phansi:

Imimoya ephezulu (>15 mph)

Ingozi eduzane - isigameko sangempela: Isicoci esiqeqeshiwe, uNevada (Okthoba 2023):

• Isivinini somoya
• Ukuphakama: 26 izinyawo (ukufakwa kophahla kophahla)
• Isigameko:I-telescoping pole iba "Souil" engalawuleki
• Imiphumela:Ukulahleka Kokulinganisa + 10-Foot Slide Down Roof
• Ukulimala:I-Fractived Wrist, Ukuqunjelwa Okuningi, Ukuhlangana Okumnene

Izibalo Zomoya Wezinkomo:

• 20-Foot Pole + Izesekeli = amakhilogremu angama-26
• I-28 MPH Wind = 68 amakhilogremu apholile
• Ukungalingani okuqinisekisiweEndaweni eshisiwe

Iqhwa neqhwa lasekuseni

Isicupho Esingabonakali Esingabonakali:

• Amaphaneli weqhwa (-1°F lokushisa elingaphezulu)
• Ukuhlanza Amanzi (+59°F)
• Ukushaqeka kwe-Thermal:Khipha kulokho°F Uhluke ngokuqhubekayo
• Umphumela:Ama-microcracks + uhlaka lwe-aluminium warping

Ukusondela ekudumeni kwezulu

Ingozi Engaqondile Umbani Wengozi:

• Amaphaneli elanga = abaqhubi bakagesi abanzulu
• Umswakama osele = ukuthuthuka okukhulisiwe
• Ingozi EbulalayoNgisho nezivunguvungu ezi-6 + amamayela kude

Isimo sezulu sezulu esiphephile

Izimo eziphoqelekile zokuhlanza:

• Umoya:<12 Mphosi esiqinisiwe, <20 mph goust
• Lokushisa:45°F to 95°F uqinile
• Umswakama:<I-80% (ivimbela ukuvuma)
• Ukuduma kwezulu:Akekho ongakapheli amamayela ayi-10
• Ukubonakala:>Amamitha ayinkulungwane (akukho zimo zenkungu)

Iphutha elibucayi # 7: Ukunganaki izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zokulimaza

I-Cascade Ekhuphuka Kokulimala

Amasiginali wezexwayiso awanaka:

"Ama-Microcracks Ayigugu" Akubalulekile

Ukuqhubeka okubhaliwe:

• Inyanga 1:I-hairline brack 0.8 inches (ayinakwa)
• Inyanga 6:Ukunwetshwa kumasentimitha angu-3.2 + okuqala ukungena ngaphakathi
• Inyanga 12:Ukusakazwa okuphelele + umjikelezo omfushane
• Inyanga 18:Ukubuyiselwa okuphoqelekile + ukulimala kwemali ekhokhwayo
• Izindleko zokugcina:$ 3,200 (Kulungiswa ngo- $ 240 ekuqaleni)

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo

Ukuhlaziywa kwengcweti - icala le-cler browning: Ukufakwa okungu-10 KW, North Carolina (2024 Ukuxilongwa):

• Izimpawu zokuqala ezinganakwa izinyanga eziyi-16
• Quoridation Progression:
  • Inyanga 3: Iseli ekhoneni elikhanyayo elikhanyayo
  • Inyanga 9: Ukunwetshwa kuya ku-30% Cell Surface
  • Inyanga 16: Ukuwohloka okujwayelekile + ukugcwala ngokweqile
• Ukulahleka Kokusebenza Kahle:-26% Ukufakwa konke
• Ukufakwa esikhundleni okuphoqelelwe:$ 13,800

"Uhlaka" ukuqina kohlaka

Indlela yokusheshisa ebhubhisayo:

1. I-Oxidation yokuqala:Ukuvikelwa kwefilimu okuvikelayo
2. Ukungena komswakama:Ukuthuthuka Okuqhubekayo Kwangaphakathi
3. Ubuthakathaka bezinhlekelele:Ukuguqulwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi
4. Ukwehluleka Kweseva:Ukungena kwamanzi okukhulu
5. Ukubhujiswa okubanzi okuhlelekile:Kudingeka Ukubuyiselwa Okuphelele

Iphrothokholi Yokuhlola Ukuvimbela

Ukuhlolwa okuphoqelekile (imvamisa encane):

• Njalo ngenyanga:Inhlolovo ebonakalayo ye-Ground-Level
• Ngekota:Ukuvuselelwa okuvikelekile okuvalekile
• Semi-minyaka yonke:Ukuhlolwa kukagesi ngokuphelele
• Minyaka yonke:Ukuxilongwa okuphelele kochwepheshe

Izimbangela zokungenelela okuphuthumayo:

• Ukuqhekeka okubonakalayo >0.4 inches
• I-Cell Discoloration >2 amasentimitha ayi-2
• Ukugqwala kohlaka olune-bubblung engaphezulu
• Ukuwohloka kokukhiqiza >I-8% ngephaneli ngayinye

Lungiselela ukuqapha kwakho neyethu PVGIS24 umshini wokubala kufaka Izinkomba zokuhluleka zakuqala ezingama-20.

Imiphumela yezezimali yamaphutha abucayi

Imishaba Yeseranti Yomkhiqizi

I-Systetic Excuse Clauses:

• Ukudilizwa Kwendlo:Iwaranti Yomkhiqizo Oflets (iminyaka engama-20-25)
• Ukulimala okuzenzakalelayo:Ukufakwa kwesiqinisekiso sokusebenza
• Ukwephulwa kwe-Protocol:Ukuphikwa kokusekelwa kwensiza
• Inani lewaranti elahlekile:$ 10,000 kuya ku- $ 30,000

Umshuwalense womshuwalense wasekhaya

Imibhalo evamile ebhaliwe:

• "Ukwehluleka okwenziwe ngokondlo"
• "Ukusetshenziswa Komkhiqizo Okungahambisani"
• "Ukwehluleka ukulandela Imithetho Yokuphepha Eyisisekelo"
• Izimangalo zinqatshiwe:Ama-68% amacala ekubuyekezweni kwesazi ezingama-2023

Ukwehla kwenani lempahla

Umthelela wezezakhiwo (idatha yokuhlola):

• Ukufakwa Kwehlulekile: - $ 18,000 Inani Lendawo
• Izici ezinkulu ezibonakalayo: - $ 12,000 Marketity
• Izingozi Zokuphepha: - $ 35,000 (impahla engahambi kahle)

Amaphrothokholi wokubuyisela iphutha

Ukuhlolwa komonakalo ngemuva kwamaphutha

Izinyathelo zokuhlola ochwepheshe:

1. Ukucabanga oku-Thermal:Ukutholwa okushisayo kwendawo
2. Ukuhlolwa kukagesi:Ukuhlukaniswa + ukuqhubeka kokulinganisa
3. Ukuhlolwa kwesakhiwo:Ubuqotho + Ukuhlola kabusha isimo sezulu
4. Ukuhlaziywa Komnotho:Ukulungisa ukushintshwa kwe-vs esikhundleni

Izixazululo zokutakula

Ukulimala okulungisekayo (ukungenelela kungakapheli amahora angama-48):

• Ama-microcacks asendaweni: umjovo okhethekile we-resin
• Ukugqwala okungaphezulu: ukwelashwa okulwa nokulwa nokulwa nokuwohloka
• Izimpawu ezihlulekile: Ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu
• Izindleko ezimaphakathi:$ 280- $ 950 ngephaneli ngayinye

Ukulimala okungaphenduki (okuvumayo okuphoqelekile):

• Ngokusebenzisa--glass ukuqhekeka
• Ukubhujiswa Kwe-Coation Ebonisa Ukubonisana
• I-Advanced Frame Trision
• Imibuthano Emfushane Yangaphakathi
• Izindleko ezimaphakathi:$ 480- $ 780 ngephaneli entsha

Hlela ukulungiswa kokuvimbela kwethu kususelwa kwesimo sezulu uhlelo ukugwema la maphutha abucayi.

Ukuvimbela kanye Nemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu

Ukuqeqeshwa okuphoqelekile ukuphepha

Ubuncane obudinga amakhono adingekayo:

• Ukuphepha kukagesi kagesi (kunconywe isitifiketi se-NABCEP)
• Ukuvikelwa Ukuvikelwa Nokuphakama Umsebenzi
• Amaphrothokholi amakhemikhali
• Usizo lokuqala / CPR

Ubuncane bemishini yobungcweti

Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Lokuphepha (Okubizayo Okutholakalayo):

• Qedela i-PPE: $ 425
• Amathuluzi aqinisekisiwe: $ 340
• Amakhemikhali avunyiwe: $ 145
• Ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala: $ 550
• Ingqikithi yokuphepha kokuphepha:$ 1,460

Ukubalwa kwe-ROI:

• Ukuvimbela iphutha elilodwa = $ 5,000- $ 30,000 agcinwe
• Ukubuyiselwa Kwezimali: + 2,000% ubuncane obuqinisekisiwe

Izinhlelo zokuhlola zokuvimbela

Ukuqapha ukusebenza ngamathuluzi ethu:

• Solar wezezimali simulator:Iphutha Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko
• PVGIS 5.3:-Ngavamile Ukutholwa kokuwohloka
• Imibhalo Yezobuchwepheshe:-Nolwazi izivumelwano zokuphepha
• I-FAQ yesondlo:-Jwayelekile Izisombululo zenkinga

Isiphetho: Ukuvimbela kusindisa izinkulungwane zamaRandi

Amaphutha a-7 abucayi okuhlanza amadala ngonyaka enza njalo e-United States:

• Ukufakwa okungu-1,247 okubhujisiwe(Idatha yomshuwalense 2023)
• $ 47.2 millionKumonakalo oqondile
• Izingozi ezingama-203kudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela
• 3,156 amawaranti afezekileNgenxa yobudedengu

Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Zokuvimbela ($ 1,460) kuvikela:

• Uhlelo lwakho lwelanga ($ 10,000- $ 30,000)
• Iziqinisekiso zoMkhiqizi ($ 10,000- $ 30,000)
• Ukuphepha komuntu (okuyigugu)
• Inani lezakhiwo ($ 18,000- $ 35,000)

Ukuqeqeshwa okuqeqeshwa kanye nemishini yokuphepha umele umshuwalense onenzuzo kakhulu yakho ukutshalwa kwezimali kwelanga.

I-FAQ ebucayi: Ukugwema amaphutha abulalayo

Ngingakwazi ukuhlanza ngokuphepha amaphaneli ami uqobo?

Yebo, kepha kuphela ngokunamathela okuqinile kuzo zonke izimiso zokuphepha ezi-7. Ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphambilini okuphoqelekile, i-PPE ephelele, ephelele Izimo zezulu ziyadingeka. Noma yikuphi ukungabaza = uchwepheshe oqinisekisiwe kuphela.

Ngiyibona kanjani imikhiqizo yokuhlanza eyingozi?

Gwema noma yini equkethe: ama-acid (HCL, H2SO4), izisekelo eziqinile (ly, ammonia), izixazululo (acetone, imimoya yamaminerali), abrasives. Imikhiqizo yelanga eliqinisekisiwe kuphela le-ph 6.5-7.5 noma insipho yesitsha e-Ultra-mnene.

Kuthiwani uma sengivele senze elinye lalawa maphutha?

Ukuvalwa kwesistimu ngokushesha, ukunqanyulwa kukagesi, ukulimala kwezithombe, ukuxhumana komshuwalense kungakapheli amahora angama-48, Ukuxilongwa okuphuthumayo. Ayikho imizamo yokulungisa amateur = ukunyuswa komonakalo okuqinisekisiwe.

Ingabe ama-microcracks ayingozi ngempela?

Kakhulu. Ukusakazeka okungenakugwenywa + ukungena emanzini + imibuthano emifushane + ingozi yomlilo. Ayikho i-microcrack "Akubalulekile." Ukungenelela kochwepheshe kudingekile kungakapheli amahora angama-48.

Ngabe umshuwalense wami uzomboza amaphutha wokuhlanza?

Kuyaqabukela. Ama-68% ezicelo aliwe "ngokunganaki." Isixazululo kuphela: Ukuvimbela ngokuphelele noma uchwepheshe Umshuwalense wesibopho sokungenelela kwensizakalo eqinisekisiwe.

Ngingahlola kanjani amaphaneli ami ngemuva kokwenza iphutha?

Isivivinyo sokumelana ne-Multimeter solodwation (>O.Ω), I-Thermal imaging (IR Camera), ukuhlolwa okubukwayo nge Ukukhanya okukhanyayo okuphansi, isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kokuqhathanisa. Noma yikuphi ukungabaza = Ukuxilongwa okusheshayo okubalulekile okubalulekile.