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IMadrid ime njengenye yezona ntengiso zinomtsalane eSpain zofakelo lweepaneli zelanga, ukudibanisa ukukhanya okugqwesileyo kwelanga kunye nemfuno ephezulu yombane kuluntu olukhulu lwedolophu.
Ngokukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka okuphakathi kwe-1,650-1,700 kWh/m², ummandla we-capital unikeza uqoqosho oluqinileyo kwiiprojekthi zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo ze-photovoltaic.
Ukuqonda iimpawu ezithile zelanga zaseMadrid kubalulekile kuyilo lwenkqubo oluchanekileyo kunye nezindululo zabaxumi. Imozulu yelizwekazi lo mmandla idala iipateni zamaxesha onyaka ezahlukileyo ekufuneka abafaki-zifakeli abaziingcali baphendule xa belungiselela uqikelelo lwemveliso kunye noqikelelo lwemali.
IMadrid ifumana malunga ne-1,650-1,700 kWh/m² yeradiation ethe tyaba yehlabathi yonyaka, iyibeka phakathi kwawona makomkhulu aseYurophu amandla anamandla elanga. Isixeko sixhamla kwiiyure ezingaphezu kwama-2,700 zokukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka, kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla zelanga ngexesha lentwasahlobo kunye neenyanga zasehlotyeni.
Esi sixhobo selanga esingaguqukiyo senza iMadrid ibe yindawo efanelekileyo kuzo zombini iigridi ezibotshelelwe kunye nokuzisebenzisela ufakelo lwelanga.
Indawo yekomkhulu imalunga nama-40.4°Isibanzi esingu-N sithetha ukuba ii-engile zokuthambeka ezizinzileyo ziqhele ukuwela phakathi kwama-30° kunye ne35° ukwandisa imveliso yonyaka.
Nangona kunjalo, abafakeli kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo iipateni zosetyenziso ezingqamene nomxumi xa bemisela ukuqhelaniswa nenkqubo yokugqibela kunye nokuthambeka, njengoko imithwalo yorhwebo ephuma phezulu ehlotyeni inokuzuza kwii-engile zokuthambeka ezisezantsi kancinane.
Imveliso yelanga eMadrid ibonisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwamaxesha onyaka, kunye neenyanga zasehlotyeni zivelisa amandla aphindwe ka-2.5 ngaphezu kweenyanga zasebusika. UJulayi unikezela ngemveliso ephezulu, ngelixa uDisemba ebonisa eyona mveliso iphantsi.
Abafakeli abaziingcali kufuneka banxibelelane ngokucacileyo nolu lwantlukwano kubathengi ukuze babeke izinto ezilindelekileyo ezilindelekileyo malunga neereyithi zokuzisebenzisa ngenyanga kunye nemithamo yegridi yokuthumela ngaphandle.
Ufakelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-5 kW yendawo yokuhlala eqhelaniswa neyona nto ilungileyo eMadrid, imveliso yenyanga isukela malunga nama-350 kWh ngoDisemba ukuya kuma-850 kWh ngoJulayi. La manani athatha i-shading encinci kwaye i-akhawunti yelahleko yenkqubo eqhelekileyo kubandakanya iziphumo zobushushu, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-inverter.
Imodeli yenyanga echanekileyo inceda abathengi baqonde ukonga kwabo okulindelweyo kwetyala lombane unyaka wonke kwaye kuthintele ukuphoxeka kwiinyanga zasebusika.
Ngelixa iMadrid inika amandla abalaseleyo elanga, iwela kancinane ngaphantsi kwencopho yamanqanaba okukhanya afumaneka kumazantsi eSpain. Kuthelekiswa ne Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zelanga zaseAndalusia, IMadrid ifumana malunga ne-8-10% ngaphantsi kwemitha yonyaka.
Nangona kunjalo, lo mahluko ulungiswa bubungakanani bemarike enkulu yaseMadrid, amaxabiso aphezulu ombane, kunye nemfuno enamandla yorhwebo.
Amandla elanga aseMadrid adlula lawo emimandla esemantla njenge Ilizwe laseBasque malunga ne-20-25%, okwenza ummandla wemali ube nomtsalane ngakumbi kutyalo-mali lwelanga.
Xa kuthelekiswa neendawo eziselunxwemeni ezifana Barcelona okanye eValencia, IMadrid ibonisa amandla afanayo okuvelisa ngokubanzi, nangona kukho ukuhluka okucacileyo kwexesha elithile ngenxa yemozulu yelizwekazi.
Imozulu yaseMadrid kunye nokusingqongileyo kwedolophu kudala imiceli mngeni ethile yobugcisa kunye namathuba ekufuneka abafakeli abaziingcali bajongane nawo ukuze kusebenze inkqubo efanelekileyo.
IMadrid ifumana ihlobo elishushu kunye namaqondo obushushu obuphahleni ahlala edlula kwi-55-60°C ngoJulayi nango-Agasti. Lawa maqondo obushushu aphakamileyo anokunciphisa ukusebenza kwemodyuli ye-photovoltaic nge-12-15% xa kuthelekiswa neemeko zovavanyo oluqhelekileyo.
Uyilo lwenkqubo yobuchwephesha kufuneka luphendule ngale lahleko yobushushu ukunika uqikelelo lwemveliso oluyinyani.
Ukukhetha iimodyuli ezine-coefficients ezisezantsi zokushisa (ngokufanelekileyo ngaphantsi -0.40% /°C) inceda ukunciphisa ukuthotywa kokusebenza kwehlobo. Ukuqinisekisa ukungena komoya okwaneleyo ngaphantsi kophahla olufakwe eluphahleni ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuxhoma nako kunciphisa amaqondo obushushu okusebenza kunye nokuphucula isivuno samandla sonyaka.
Kuphahla lwentengiso olusicaba, iinkqubo zokuxhoma ezithambekileyo ngokwendalo zibonelela ngendawo yokuphuma komoya engcono kunofakelo olugungxulwayo olufakwe kwindawo yokuhlala.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ubusika obubandayo baseMadrid bunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwepaneli yelanga ngexesha leentsuku zasebusika ezinelanga, ngokuyinxenye kuphelisa ukuhla kwemitha kwezi nyanga. Izixhobo zobuchwephesha bomfuziselo ezibalela ukuhluka kobushushu benyanga zibonelela ngoqikelelo oluchanekileyo lwemveliso yonyaka kunezibali ezilula.
Indawo exineneyo edolophini yaseMadrid ihlala ivelisa imiceli mngeni yomthunzi kwizakhiwo ezingabamelwane, iitshimini kunye neminye imiqobo ephezu kophahla. Uvavanyo lwesayithi lobuchwephesha kufuneka luvavanye ngononophelo iipatheni ze-shading unyaka wonke, njengoko ukuthungwa kwenxalenye ethile kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwenkqubo.
Itekhnoloji yanamhlanje ye-optimizer kunye ne-microinverters zinceda ukunciphisa ilahleko ye-shading ngokuvumela ipaneli nganye ukuba isebenze ngokuzimeleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi zisombululo ziza ngeendleko ezongezelelweyo, zifuna uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho ngononophelo ukufumanisa ukuba zifanelekile na kufakelo oluthile. Uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwe-shading ngexesha lesigaba sesiphakamiso luthintela ukuphoxeka kwabathengi kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa okuqikelelwayo kuyenziwa.
Ufakelo olune-shading engenakuthintelwa, imodeli yokusebenza eneenkcukacha eziphendula iipateni ezithile ze-shading unyaka wonke zibalulekile. Eli nqanaba lohlalutyo liyahlula abafakeli abaziingcali kwabo babonelela ngoqikelelo lwegeneric olusekwe kuphela kwindawo yophahla.
Imeko yedolophu yaseMadrid kunye nemozulu eyomileyo inegalelo ekuqokeleleni kothuli kwiipaneli zelanga. Ngelixa isixeko sifumana imvula eyaneleyo yokucoca iiphaneli zendalo kwiinyanga zasebusika, ixesha elomileyo ehlotyeni linokunciphisa imveliso nge-4-6% de imvula ibuye okanye icocwe ngezandla.
Izindululo zobuchwephesha kufuneka zinike ingxelo ngelahleko yongcoliseko eqhelekileyo kuqikelelo lwemveliso kwaye zibandakanye isikhokelo malunga nolungiso olukhethekileyo lokucoca.
Ufakelo lwezorhwebo, ukubandakanya ukucocwa kwexesha elithile kwiikontraka zokulondoloza kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhambelanayo kunye nokwaneliseka kwabaxhasi.
Abaxumi beendawo zokuhlala kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukucocwa ngamaxesha athile ngexesha elomileyo kunokuphucula imveliso.
Inani elikhulu labemi baseMadrid, isitokhwe esahlukileyo sokwakha, kunye noqoqosho olomeleleyo ludala amacandelo amaninzi entengiso ukuze kujongwe abafaki belanga.
Icandelo lokuhlala limele elona thuba likhulu laseMadrid ngokomthamo weprojekthi. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ombane kuye kwenza ukusetyenziswa kwe-solar self-consumption kuthandeka ngakumbi kubanikazi bezindlu, kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo lokubuyisela iminyaka eyi-6-8 kwiinkqubo ezilungiselelwe kakuhle.
Umxube wekomkhulu lamakhaya anosapho olunye kunye nezakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophantsi zibonelela ngamathuba ahlukeneyo ofakelo.
Abafakeli beendawo zokuhlala abaphumeleleyo bagxile kwinguqu ekhawulezileyo yesiphakamiso, izixhobo zokubonisa ubuchwephesha, kunye nohlalutyo lwemali oluselubala. Abanini bezindlu baqhubeka bephanda iinketho zelanga ngaphambi kokuba baqhagamshelane nabafaki, oku kuthetha ukuba bafika benolwazi kunye nolindelo oluphezulu lobuchwephesha.
Ukukwazi ukuvelisa ngokukhawuleza izindululo ezichanekileyo, ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye noqikelelo lwezemali oluneenkcukacha zahlula iinkokeli zentengiso kubakhuphisana abasokolayo.
Abathengi beendawo zokuhlala eMadrid bafaka iinkqubo phakathi kwe-3-8 kW, ubungakanani bokuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwabo konyaka ngelixa benyusa amaxabiso okutya. Ukubonelela abathengi ngeendlela ezininzi zobungakanani benkqubo, nganye inemveliso eneenkcukacha kunye nohlalutyo lwemali, ibanceda benze izigqibo ezinolwazi ezihambelana nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye neenjongo zamandla.
Icandelo lezorhwebo laseMadrid libonelela ngobungakanani beprojekthi enkulu kunye nemida enokuba phezulu kubafaki abafanelekileyo. Izakhiwo zeeofisi, amaziko okuthenga, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla, kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa zinendawo enophahla olukhulu kunye neepatheni zokusetyenziswa kwasemini ezifanelene nokuveliswa kwamandla elanga.
Abaxumi boRhwebo bafuna uhlalutyo oluphucukileyo olubandakanya ukusetyenziswa okucacileyo, iimeko ezininzi zenkxaso-mali, kunye nokudityaniswa neenkqubo ezikhoyo zolawulo lwamandla.
Ukukwazi ukwenza imodeli yolungelelwaniso lwenkqubo eyohlukeneyo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuvelisa uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha lothelekiso kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni ezi projekthi.
Uninzi lwabathengi bezorhwebo nabo balindele izindululo zokujongana neenjongo zabo zozinzo kunye neemfuno zengxelo yenkampani ngaphaya kwembuyekezo yemali esulungekileyo.
Ufakelo lwezorhwebo eMadrid luqhele ukuqala ukusuka kwi-20 kW kumashishini amancinci ukuya kwiimegawathi ezininzi kumaziko amakhulu oshishino. Eli candelo lemarike livuza abafakeli abanobuchule obuqinileyo bobuchule, ubuchule bokubumba imali, kunye namava olawulo lweprojekthi aqinisekisiweyo.
Imithetho yaseSpain eyenza ukuba abantu bazityele ngokudibeneyo ivule amathuba kwiindawo ezixineneyo zaseMadrid apho abahlali bezindlu bengenaluphahla olufanelekileyo lofakelo lwabucala.
Ezi projekthi zoluntu zivumela abathengi abaninzi ukuba babelane ngemveliso ukusuka kufakelo olunye, oluhlala kuphahla lwesakhiwo okanye indawo ekufutshane.
Iiprojekthi zelanga zoluntu zifuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lweepateni zokusetyenziswa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi, amalungiselelo okwabelana ngemveliso, kunye neendlela zokusasaza imali.
Izixhobo zobuchwephesha ezikwaziyo ukwenza imodeli ezi meko zinzima zibonelela ngenzuzo enkulu yokhuphiswano kweli candelo lemarike esakhulayo. Njengoko ulwazi lukhula, ilanga lasekuhlaleni limele ukukhula okubonakalayo kumbindi wedolophu yaseMadrid.
Imodeli yezemali echanekileyo ibalulekile ekuguquleni izikhokelo zibe ziikhontrakthi ezisayiniweyo. Amaxabiso ombane aseMadrid kunye nenkuthazo ezikhoyo zidala uqoqosho olunomtsalane ekufuneka abafakeli abaziingcali banxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo nabathengi abanokubakho.
Amaxabiso ombane waseMadrid, ngelixa aguquguqukayo ngokusekwe kulwakhiwo lweerhafu kunye nenqanaba lokusetyenziswa, ngokwesiqhelo aqala ukusuka €0.12-0.18 kWh nganye kubathengi abahlala kunye €0.10-0.15 kWh nganye kubasebenzisi bezorhwebo.
Ezi ntlawulo zenza umbane welanga ozisebenziselayo ube nomtsalane ngokwezoqoqosho, njengoko iindleko ezithintelweyo zidlula iindleko ezilinganisiweyo zokuvelisa amandla elanga.
Uhlalutyo lwemali lobuchwephesha kufuneka lubale iipesenti zokuzithenga ngokusekwe kwiipateni zokusetyenziswa kwabathengi kunye nobungakanani benkqubo. Ufakelo lweendawo zokuhlala, iireyithi zokuzithengela ngokuqhelekileyo zivela kwi-30-50% ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwebhetri, ngelixa ukufakwa kwezorhwebo kunye nokusetyenziswa okunzima kwemini kunokufikelela kwi-60-80% yokuzisebenzisela.
Amazinga aphezulu okusebenzisa umbane aphucula uqoqosho lweprojekthi ngokunyusa ukuthengwa kombane okuthintelweyo.
Amandla angaphezulu athunyelwa kuthungelwano lwegridi afumana imbuyekezo, nangona kumazinga aphantsi kunamaxabiso ombane wokuthengisa. Umfuziselo wobuchwephesha kufuneka unike ingxelo ngazo zombini ezi zinto uzisebenziseyo kunye namandla athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe xa kubalwa ixabiso elipheleleyo leprojekthi kunye namaxesha okuhlawula.
Abathengi banamhlanje belanga balindele uhlalutyo lweenketho ezininzi zenkxaso-mali ngaphaya kokuthenga imali eyimali. Izindululo zobungcali kufuneka zibandakanye izibalo zokuthenga imali eziinkozo ezibonisa ixesha lokuhlawula kunye nesantya sangaphakathi sembuyekezo, iindlela zokuxhasa ngemali kunye nothelekiso lwentlawulo yenyanga namatyala ombane akhoyo, amalungiselelo okuqeshisa apho kuyimfuneko, kunye nokubalwa kwexabiso langoku kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ukukwazi ukuvelisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuthelekisa iimeko ezininzi zenkxaso-mali ngexesha leentlanganiso zabathengi kunokukhawulezisa ukwenza izigqibo kunye nokunyusa izinga lokuguqulwa. Izixhobo zobuchwephesha bezemali ezisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zentlawulo, amazinga enzala, kunye nemimiselo ephucula le nkqubo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kuzo zonke iimeko.
Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zibonelela ngenkxaso yemali yofakelo lwelanga eMadrid, kubandakanywa inkuthazo kamasipala neyengingqi. Ezi nkqubo ziyatshintsha ngamaxesha athile, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube lula ukugcina ulwazi lwangoku lwenkxaso ekhoyo.
Urhulumente wengingqi yaseMadrid unikezele ngeenkxaso-mali ezigubungela i-20-40% yeendleko zokufakela iinkqubo zokuhlala phantsi kweenkqubo ezithile.
Ukubandakanya inkuthazo ekhoyo kwizindululo zemali kuphucula kakhulu uqoqosho lweprojekthi kwaye kunokuba ngumahluko phakathi kokuqhubeka komxhasi okanye ukulibazisa. Abafakeli abaziingcali kufuneka bagcine ulwazi lweenkqubo zangoku kwaye bazibandakanye ngokuqhubekayo kwizindululo kunokulinda ukuba abathengi babuze.
Imakethi yaseMadrid ekhuphisanayo ifuna ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobungcali kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuthengisa kunye nofakelo. Izixhobo zokubala zobuchwephesha kunye nemodeli yenza ukuba abafakeli basebenze ngokukhawuleza ngelixa behambisa izindululo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Iikhaltyhuleyitha zelanga zegeneric zibonelela ngoqikelelo olurhabaxa, kodwa iiprojekthi zobuchwephesha zifuna idatha echanekileyo yokukhanya kwemitha yendawo ethile. Iradiation yaseMadrid iyahluka kwindawo yonke yemetropolitan ngenxa yokungafani kobude kunye nokwahluka kwemozulu yendawo. Ukufikelela kwidatha ethe ngqo nge-GPS kuqinisekisa ukuba izindululo zibonisa eyona meko yesayithi kunomyinge wengingqi.
Izixhobo zobuchwephesha ezinogcino-lwazi olubanzi lwemitha zenza ukuba abafakeli bafakele ulungelelwaniso lofakelo oluchanekileyo kwaye bafumane uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lokusebenza. Oku kuchanekileyo kuthintela ukuthembisa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iisistim ezifakiweyo zidibana okanye zidlule iingqikelelo, ukwakha udumo lwesifakeli kunye nokunciphisa iingxabano zasemva kofakelo.
Ufakelo ngalunye lwaseMadrid lubonisa iimpawu ezizodwa ezifuna uhlalutyo olulungelelanisiweyo. Ukuqhelaniswa nophahla, iipatheni ze-shading, iiprofayili zokusetyenziswa, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabaxumi luyahluka kakhulu kwiiprojekthi. Ukukwazi ukulinganisa ngokukhawuleza ulungelelwaniso lwenkqubo ezininzi—ubukhulu obahlukeneyo, ii-orientation, ii-engile zokuthambeka—ngaphandle kwemiqobo yenza ukuba kuphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo iprojekthi.
Imirhumo yobuchwephesha enikezela ngokulinganisa okungenamkhawulo kwindawo nganye yeprojekthi isusa imiqobo yokuhamba komsebenzi kwaye ikhuthaze uhlalutyo olubanzi.
Endaweni yokunciphisa uhlalutyo kuqwalaselo olunye okanye ezimbini ezisisiseko, abafakeli banokujonga iimeko ezininzi ukuchonga esona sisombululo sisiso kwimeko ethile yomthengi ngamnye. Oku kucokisekileyo kuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi.
Imakethi ekhuphisanayo yaseMadrid ifuna uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwezemali oluhamba ngaphaya kwezibalo ezilula zokubuyisela imali. Abathengi abaziingcali balindele ukubona iinketho ezininzi zenkxaso-mali, uhlalutyo lobuntununtunu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, uthelekiso lobungakanani benkqubo eyahlukeneyo, kunye noqikelelo lwexesha elide kubandakanya iindleko zogcino kunye nokuthotywa kokusebenza.
Izakhono zokumodela ezikwizinga eliphezulu lezemali zenza ukuba abafakeli balungise oku kulindelekileyo ngokufanelekileyo. Ukukwazi ukwenza imodeli yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso-mali (imali, imali-mboleko, irenti), thelekisa iimeko ezininzi ngapha nangapha, kunye nokuvelisa iingxelo zezimali zobuchwephesha zahlula iinkampani ezinzulu zelanga kwimisebenzi yabangaqeqeshwanga.
Amaxwebhu esiphakamiso esikumgangatho ophezulu akha ukuzithemba kwabathengi kunye nokuphucula amazinga okuguqulwa. Iingxelo zobuchwephesha kufuneka zibandakanye idatha ye-irradiation yendawo ethile kunye noqikelelo lwemveliso, iinkcukacha zenkqubo eneenkcukacha kunye nolwazi lwecandelo, iiprofayili zenyanga zemveliso kunye nohlalutyo lokuzithengisa, uqikelelo olubanzi lwemali kunye neemeko ezininzi, kunye noyilo lwenkqubo ecacileyo kunye nezicwangciso zokufakela.
Ixesha elityalwe kumaxwebhu aqeqeshiweyo lihlawula izabelo ngamazinga aphezulu okuvala kunye nemibuzo embalwa yasemva kokuthengisa. Abathengi balindele ngakumbi eli nqanaba leenkcukacha kwaye banokubuza abafaki abangenako ukuyibonelela. Izixhobo zobuchwephesha ezivelisa iingxelo ezigudisiweyo ngokufanelekileyo zenza lo mgangatho ufikeleleke ngaphandle kotyalo-mali olugqithileyo ixesha.
Ukuqonda imimiselo yengingqi kunye neenkqubo zolawulo kuqinisekisa ukwenziwa kweprojekthi kakuhle kwaye kuthintele ukulibaziseka okuphazamisa abathengi.
Ufakelo lweSolar eMadrid lufuna iimvume ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani benkqubo kunye neempawu zokwakha. Ufakelo lweendawo zokuhlala ngokuqhelekileyo lufuna iimvume zokwakha zikamasipala, iilayisensi zofakelo lombane, kunye nemvume yoqhagamshelo lwegridi.
Iimfuno ezithile ziyahluka ngomasipala ngaphakathi kommandla wesixeko saseMadrid.
Abafakeli abaziingcali bagcina ulwazi lwangoku lweemfuno kwindawo yonke yenkonzo yabo kunye nenqaku lexesha lemvume kwiishedyuli zeeprojekthi. Ulawulo lwemvume olusebenzayo luthintela ukulibaziseka kwaye lubonisa ubungcali kubathengi. Oomasipala abaninzi baye bahlengahlengisa iinkqubo zabo zemvume yelanga kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa ukukhangela ezi nkqubo kusafuna ubuchule.
Ukuqhagamshela iinkqubo zelanga kwigridi yombane yaseMadrid kufuna ulungelelwaniso kunye nenkampani yasekuhlaleni eluncedo. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukungeniswa kwesicelo sobugcisa, uphononongo lwempembelelo yegridi yofakelo olukhulu, uhlolo lofakelo kunye nolwamkelo, kunye nofakelo lwemitha okanye uhlengahlengiso lokulinganisa inethiwekhi.
Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunye nokugcina ubudlelwane obuhle kunye nabameli bezinto eziluncedo ekuhlaleni kunceda ukukhawulezisa unxibelelwano kunye nokuthintela ukulibaziseka. Abafakeli abaziingcali bakhokela abathengi kwinyathelo ngalinye kwaye bajongane neemfuno zolawulo egameni labo.
Impumelelo kwimakethi ekhuphisanayo yaseMadrid ifuna ingqwalasela kokubini ukugqwesa kobugcisa kunye nokusebenza kweshishini.
Uvavanyo lwesayithi lobuchwephesha luthintela iingxaki ngexesha lofakelo kunye nokusebenza. Izinto eziyimfuneko zovavanyo ziquka ukuvavanywa kwesakhiwo somgangatho wophahla kunye nomthamo, uhlalutyo olunzulu lwe-shading unyaka wonke, uvavanyo lwenkonzo yombane kunye neemfuno zokuphucula, ukubekwa kwenkqubo egqwesileyo eqwalasela uphahla lwejometri kunye nemiqobo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokufikelela kokufakela kunye nokugcinwa kwexesha elizayo.
Izixhobo zedijithali ezenza amaxwebhu esayithi asebenzayo, kubandakanywa neefoto ezinolungelelwaniso lwe-GPS, zilungelelanise le nkqubo ngelixa ziqinisekisa ulwazi olupheleleyo loyilo lwenkqubo. Ixesha elichithwe kuvavanyo olucokisekileyo lithintela ii-odolo zotshintsho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezifakiweyo zisebenza njengoko kuqikelelwe.
Abafakeli abaphumeleleyo bayagqwesa ekuchazeni ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lobuchwephesha nolwezemali ngokwemigaqo eqondwa ngabathengi.
Izenzo zonxibelelwano eziphambili zibandakanya ukuseta ulindelo oluyinyani malunga nokwahluka kwemveliso yamaxesha onyaka, ukucacisa ngokucacileyo ukuzisebenzisela ngokuchasene nokuthumela ngaphandle kwegridi, ukuxoxa ngeemfuno zogcino kunye neenkonzo ezizikhethelayo, kunye nokubonelela ngamanqaku oqhagamshelwano amaninzi ngemibuzo ngexesha nasemva kofakelo.
Ukuphepha ijargon yobugcisa kunye nokugxila kwiinzuzo zabaxhasi—ukugcinwa kwebhili yombane, ukuzimela kwamandla, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo—uzigcina iingxoxo zifikeleleka kwaye zifanelekile. Abathengi abaziqondayo iinkqubo zabo baneliseke ngakumbi kwaye banokunikezela ngokuthunyelwa.
Abafakeli abaziingcali bayazahlula ngenkxaso egqwesileyo yasemva kofakelo. Oku kubandakanya ukusekwa kwenkqubo yokubeka iliso kunye noqeqesho, amaxwebhu acacileyo okusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwenkqubo, inkxaso ephendulayo yemibuzo okanye iinkxalabo, kunye nezivumelwano ezikhethiweyo zokugcinwa kokucoca nokuhlolwa.
Inkxaso eyomeleleyo yasemva kofakelo ivelisa ukuthunyelwa kunye nokuphinda ishishini njengoko abathengi bandisa iinkqubo zabo okanye bafakela ilanga kwiipropati ezongezelelweyo. Ikwathintela imiba emincinci ukuba inyuke ibe ziingxabano ezonakalisa igama.
Imarike yelanga yaseMadrid iyaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza, itsala abakhuphisana abatsha rhoqo. Abafaki kufuneka bazahlule ngomgangatho, inkonzo, kunye nobuchwephesha kunokuba bakhuphisane ngexabiso kuphela.
Abathengi baya bebona ukuba elona xabiso liphantsi alisoloko lizisa elona xabiso lilungileyo. Abafakeli abaziingcali bathethelela amaxabiso eprimiyamu ngokuhlalutya okugqwesileyo kunye namaxwebhu, amacandelo akumgangatho ophezulu aneziqinisekiso ezinamandla, ubuchule bofakelo obungqiniweyo kunye nezenzo zokhuseleko, inkxaso ebanzi yasemva kofakelo, kunye nonxibelelwano oluselubala kuyo yonke le nkqubo.
Utyalo-mali kwizixhobo zobungcali kunye neenkqubo zenza abafakeli babonise eli xabiso liphezulu ngeziphakamiso zabo kunye nokusebenzisana kwabaxumi. Ukukwazi ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha, uhlalutyo olulungiselelwe ngokukhawuleza lubonisa abathengi ukuba basebenza neengcali eziqonda iimfuno zabo ezithile.
Abanye abafakeli baphumelela ngokugxila kumacandelo athile emarike okanye iintlobo zofakelo. Ubuchwephesha obunokubakho eMadrid bubandakanya ukubuyiselwa kolwakhiwo lwembali olufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo, ufakelo lophahla lwentengiso oluthe tyaba, iiprojekthi zelanga zasekuhlaleni zezakhiwo zokuhlala, iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zelanga kunye nokugcinwa kwebhetri, kunye nofakelo olutofo-tofo olunemfuno zobuhle.
Ukuphuhlisa ubuchule kwi-niche ethile kunokunciphisa ukhuphiswano kunye nokuxhasa amaxabiso eprimiyamu yolwazi olukhethekileyo kunye namava.
IMadrid ibonelela ngamathuba amakhulu abafakeli belanga abachwepheshile abanedatha echanekileyo, izixhobo zokuhlalutya eziphucukileyo, kunye nokuzinikela kumgangatho. Imithombo yelanga egqwesileyo yommandla oyinkunzi, ubungakanani beemarike ezinkulu, kunye nemigaqo exhasayo idala iimeko zokukhula koshishino oluzinzileyo.
Impumelelo idinga ukudibanisa ubuchwephesha bobugcisa kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nenkonzo yabaxhasi abaqeqeshiweyo. Abafaki abatyala imali kwizixhobo zokubala zobuchwephesha, izakhono zokubonisa imodeli yezemali, kunye nokuveliswa kwesiphakamiso esilungisiweyo bazibeka kwindawo yokubamba isabelo semakethi kolu khuphiswano.
Ukukwazi ukuvelisa ngokukhawuleza izindululo ezichanekileyo, ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezixhaswa yidatha echanekileyo yendawo ethile yahlula iinkokeli zentengiso kubakhuphisana abasokolayo. Njengoko imakethi yelanga yaseMadrid iqhubeka nokukhula, abathengi balindele ngakumbi kwaye bavuze eli nqanaba lobungcali.